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The culture conditions for the production of carrageenase were optimized using one-factor-at-a-time method combined with orthogonal array design. With the one-factor-at-a-time method revealed optimal conditions for carrageenase production were 24 h of fermentation period, 28 °C incubation temperature at pH 8.0 with NaNO3 as nitrogen source and carrageenan as carbon source in MMS media. Further optimization of carrgeenase production by using orthogonal experimental design L9 (34) with four factors, temperature, pH, NH4NO3 and carrageenan with their relevant levels revealed optimised conditions for carrageenase production were temperature of 28 °C, pH 8.0, 2 g L-1 NaNO3 and 2 g L-1 carrageenan. The order of the factors affecting the fermentation process was found to be temperature > pH > NaNO3 > carrageenan. The temperature played a significant role on the carrageenase production. Higher carrageenase yield with activity of 0.542 ±0.045 U ml-1 was obtained in the optimised medium when compared to those of basal medium. Carrageenase hydrolysed products of carrageenan were identified by LC-ESI-MS as neocarrabiose, neocarrabiose-4 sulfate, neocarratetraose, neocarratetraose-4 sulfate, anhydrogalactose, galactose, galactose-4 sulphate and sulphate.
The production of sulphuric acid is not ecologically clean regardless of the employed technology. This is a result of the surplus discharge of sulphur oxides into the atmosphere, but there are kinetic and technological possibilities of decreasing this to an ecologically safe level.
The objective of the study was to optimize ergosterol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in continuous and fed-batch cultures. Use was made of three optimization criteria: ergosterol yield related to the mass unit of the substrate supplied to the fermenter, and two criteria proposed for the purpose of the study, both incorporating (in addition to ergosterol yield) ergosterol content in yeast cells and proportion of ergosterol in the total ∆ 5,7-sterols content. In both culture types, specific growth rate was found to affect the content of ∆5,7-sterols in the yeast cells. In continuous culture, three of them (ergosterol, dehydroergosterol, and unidentified sterol) reached their maximum at the dilution rate of 0.74, 0.102 and 0.131 h-1, respectively. For ergosterol and for the unidentified sterol, these were the dilution rates at which ethanol content in the culture medium began to increase. Dihydroergosterol content was an increasing function of dilution rate. In the fed-batch culture with purely oxidative assimilation of glucose, ∆5,7- sterols content in yeast cells (except that of dehydroergosterol) increased with increasing specific growth rate. Optimization carried out with the three objective functions mentioned above showed that they reached their maxima at essentially the same argument values - both in continuous and fed-batch cultures. This indicates that the ergosterol yield criterion can be substituted for the two, more sophisticated, optimization criteria. The optimum dilution rate for continuous culture was 0.13 h-1, and the optimum time of fed-batch culture ranged between 6 and 8 h.
Polystyrene is considered stable to biological degradation. Lantinus tigrinus isolated from wood sample produced esterase in growth medium under normal conditions. However, acidic medium, 37°C temperature, presence of tween 80; and urea and yeast extract in mineral salt medium enhance the production of esterase and specific activity. Purified esterase was active at broad pH range and 45°C. FTIR analysis confirmed that esterase produced by Lantinus tigrinus effectively degraded polystyrene film and broke macromolecules down to non-toxic molecules. This study concludes that the presence of Lantinus tigrinus at dumping sites can be exploited for waste management containing high molecular weight synthetic polymers.
Various activities are undertaken worldwide in order to counteract the visible climate changes. One of them is promotion of renewable energy sources. Aims established by the European Commission with respect to increasing the share of energy obtained from RES assume an average increase of up to 20% by the year 2020. Poland, as an EU member state has been obliged to increase the share of energy from RES to 15%. Promoting renewable energy sources contributes to diversification of supplies, thus providing conditions for the development of energetics at a local level. Taking into account Polish conditionings it is believed that biomass, including forest biomass, can be an important renewable energy source. The present study focuses on the problem of efficiency of energy wood chip production from forest biomass utilizing a Bandit 2090 wood chipper. Chipping efficiency, depending on the condition of particular tree stands, ranged from 14 to 17 m3·h-1.
The research was intended to analyse the response of five papaya varieties to phosphorus fertilization in tidal swamp areas. The research was conducted at the Peatland Project (PLG) in Mentangai, Kapuas, Central Kalimantan, from August 2007 to April 2008. A split plot design was used. The main plot had the following P appli­cation: 100; 200; 300 g P/plant, and the subplot had the following varieties of papaya: Bt1; Bt2; Bt3; Bt4; Bt7. There were 3 replications and 10 plants per unit of treatment. The observed parameters were: (1) vegetative growth (plant height, stem diameter, internode number); (2) and fruit quality (fruit number, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit circumference, flesh thickness, and total soluble solid). The research result showed that four of five papaya varieties, namely Bt1, Bt2, Bt4, and Bt7 proved to have a higher growth and production response than Bt3. Therefore, the four varieties Bt1, Bt2, Bt4, and Bt7, show good prospects for development in the tidal swamp areas. P application affected significantly plant height only, but did not have an effect on other parameters of plant growth and fruiting. These findings could be used as a guide for choosing varieties suitable for cultivation in the tidal swamp areas.
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