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The PCR conditions have been optimized to make the process faster and more economical. When short DNA fragments are to be amplified, the time of denaturation, annealing and extension steps can be as short as 1 s each, and the yield of PCR product is still high, sufficient for many types of analysis. The PCR can be done even in a reaction volume as low as 1 jxl. The recommended volume, 2.5 jil or 5 jil, allows significant savings in the laboratory budget especially for laboratories which use PCR frequently and on a large scale.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction and other molecular technologies were applied to isolate the DNA fragment reflecting the Open Reading Frame II of the I-18 C gene. This research object was realized and the importance of this result has been discussed in view of the mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression.
A simple and rapid procedure for efficiently isolating fungi DNA suitable for use as a template for PCR amplification and other molecular assays is described. The main advantages of the method are: (1) the mycelium is directly recovered from Petri-dish cultures; (2) the technique is rapid and relatively easy to perform , and (3) it allows for processing of around 50 samples during a single day; (4) it is inexpensive; (5) the quality and quantity of DNA obtained are suitable for molecular assays; (6) it can be applied to filamentous fungi from soil as well as from a fungi from other environmental sources; and (7) it does not require the use of expensive and specialized equipment or hazardous reagents.
In this report we demonstrate a simple, effective and reliable diagnostic test of BLAD carrier detection based on specific PCR amplification of a 367 bp CD18 gene fragment and RFLP analysis using Taq I restriction enzyme. In a non-random population of 220 animals we found 48 BLAD carriers. Within the amplified PCR fragment an unknown intron sequence of 159 bp was identified.
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Molecular diagnostics of Sarcocystis spp. infections

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Protozoa of the genus Sarcocystis (phylum Apicomplexa, family Sarcocystidae) is one of the most common parasites affecting animals. Interspecies diagnostic of Sarcocystis genus was based on electron microscopy for many years. Because of absence of visible differences between species with reachable magnifications, light microscopy is useless. In many cases serological diagnostic method have lack of sensitivity. A variety of molecular methods have been developed and used to detect and identify Sarcocystis spp. and to assess the genetic diversity among this protozoan from different population/hosts. Nowadays, molecular diagnostic is the common, time/cost effective method used all over the world to interspecies differentiation.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are interesting as material for bioplastic production because they are recognized as biodegradable and could be produced from renewable resources. The industrial production of PHAs has already been used in practice by pure cultures. In recent years, many studies have been addressed of PHA production by mixed cultures. Nevertheless, while fermentation strategy to improve the PHA content of biomass, yield and productivity in pure cultures are well defined, knowledge about the operational condition for PHA synthesis by mixed culture is still very limited. The ecology of the microbial community of activated sludge remains largely unknown, primarily because of the difficulty of making detailed observation. Recently, developed molecular techniques allow determination of community composition from DNA extracted directly from biomass samples. This study examined the changes of bacterial communities in activated sludge through application of the molecular technique, ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). Microbial communities from anaerobic-aerobic and ammonia limited fermentations were ascertained. The applied operational conditions were shown to select for a restricted microbial population, which were different in term of structure with respect to the initial microbial consortia in the activated sludge used as inoculum.
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The Syringa genus is characterizedby a multiplicity of forms. Its chief asset is the ornamental value of thousands of accessions, species or hybrids. From a phylogenetic point of view the genus is difficult in an explicit classification due to its frequently complex genome. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility for the identification of genotypic diversity and genetic relationships in the nrDNA sequence of some selected Syringa accessions – part of a collection of the Dendrological Garden in Przelewice (Poland). For this purpose, the PCR technique together with a combination of various ‘universal’ primers designed for the nrDNA sequence analysis were employed. Fourteen Syringa accessions: Syringa × chinensis Willd., S. × prestoniae Mc Kelv., S. × prestoniae ‘Telimena’, S. × prestoniae ‘Jaga’, S. × prestoniae ‘Basia’, S. meyeri ‘Palibin’, S. vulgaris ‘Miss Ellen Willmott’, S. vulgaris, S. vulgaris ‘Jules Simon’, S. vulgaris ‘Katherine Havemeyer’, S. vulgaris ‘Krasawica Moskvy’, S. vulgaris ‘Mirabeau’, S. vulgaris ‘Madame Lemoine’ and S. vulgaris ‘Niebo Moskvy’ made up the research material. In the conducted amplifications, genetic profiles were obtained for 14 combinations among the 25 combinations of different pairs of primers used. The nrDNA templates coding the small subunit (SSU), 5.8S subunit andITS1, ITS2 andIGS sequences were amplified. In PCR reactions a total of 33 PCR products were generated, of which 21 (64%) products were polymorphic, 6 (18%) monomorphic and6 (18%) were genotype-specific. For the lilac accessions examined246 amplicons were generated from ~230 to ~1100 bp in length. The analysis of both the dendrogram and the genetic similarity matrix revealedlow diversity between the examinedaccessions. For most they rangedfrom 70 to 80%, andthe greatest diversity (87%) was foundbetween the S. × prestoniae: ‘Basia’ and‘Telimena’ accessions, while the lowest (57%) was observed between S. vulgaris ‘Katherine Havermeyer’ and S. × chinensis.
The technology for the preparation of the template in the research aimed to isolate the DNA fragment reflecting the Open Reading Frame II of the I-18 C gene is presented i.e. the linearisation of the template by Bam H I digestion, the purification of the template and the estimation of the template concentration.
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