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In primates, visual function is dominated by the pathway that transmits visual information from the retina, via the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), to the primary visual cortex (V1). Although lesions of V1 lead to blindness, it is well documented that residual visual function can be retained within scotomas caused by V1 lesions, including (largely subconscious) abilities to locate some types of stimuli, and even to coarsely evaluate their characteristics (“blindsight”). These observations indicate that other thalamic projections can convey retinal inputs directly to the extrastriate cortex, bypassing V1. The exact characteristics of blindsight depend markedly on the age at which the lesion occurs. Patients and monkeys who sustained lesions early in life often show a greater range of abilities than those who had lesions in adulthood, including, in many cases, conscious perception. My laboratory has been investigating the types of physiological changes in subcortical and cortical areas which mediate such outcomes. For this purpose, we have developed a V1 lesion model based on the marmoset monkey, a small new world primate in which the anatomy and physiology of the visual pathways has been well characterised, and has accelerated development in comparison with macaque monkeys. In this talk, I will briefly review the characteristics of the marmoset as an advantageous animal model for studies of primate vision, including plasticity, describe recent findings on the physiological consequences of V1 lesions at different ages, and briefly report on current lines of work aimed at understanding the full circuitry of the marmoset visual cortex using a neuroinformatics approach.
Transposable elements (i.e. insertion sequences and transposons) are components of nearly all bacterial genomes. The majority of these elements have been identified as a result of various sequencing projects. However, in most cases, their activity was not experimentally confirmed. For this reason several strategies have been developed that allow direct cloning and identification of functional transposable elements. Most of the methods are based on the ability of transposable elements to inactivate or activate particular genes by insertion. In this review we describe and critically discuss different cloning strategies that employ various entrapment vectors, carrying (i) conditionally lethal genes, (ii) antibiotic selection cartridges, (iii) promoter-less genes or (iv) suicide replicons. These tools, besides facilitating the identification of new transposable elements, also enable the investigation of various DNA rearrangement mutations, which are related to the transposition process.
This work was aimed to investigations of the effect of different volumes of water added to the batter on texture parameters of model canned meat product. The INSTRON 1140 was used for determinations of texture parameters: the TPA test , cutting test with single Warner-Bratzler knife and single compression test till 80% of the sample height. The variance analysis and regression analysis were applied for the data evaluation. The results indicate that the volume of water added to the batter affects the parameters of texture of model canned meat product. Most of texture features analyzed were decreasing as the amount of water increased. The relations between most texture parameters were of the linear regression type. Also, for the cohesion and elasticity, non-linear relationships were found.
The leaf morphology of Buxus hyrcana (Pojark.), shade-tolerant and evergreen species growing in understorey of Caspian Forest was studied in five natural Iranian populations in order to recognize the pattern of within- and among-population variation of selected leaf morphological traits. Fifteen traits were selected and measured or calculated – list in Appendix. Leaves were collected from different geographical (between 36°13′N and 53°15′E) populations of B. hyrcana growing in the Caspian Forests located in Mazandaran Province (northern Iran) in the similar vegetation and site conditions but on different altitudes. Ten mature trees from five relatively small areas (0.5–1 ha) were selected in June. Then ANOVA model was used with both crossed and nested effects. The results showed that variation among the populations was significant in 13 of 15 traits (P <0.05); variation among the trees in the population was significant in 14 of 15 traits (P <0.05). Among all characters measured, the greatest plasticity was found for weight, leaf area mass and specific leaf mass. Function 1 explained 30% of the total variance and Function 2 represented another 17% of the total variance. PCA analysis showed that the most important role in function 1 allocated to width of lamina and leaf figure ratio (length of lamina/width of lamina) and in function 2 to top of leaf figure (width of lamina in 0.1 its length/width of lamina). The results of the average linkage clustering method evidenced four distinct clusters. Generally, morphological traits of leaves of B. hyrcana showed low variation among the considered populations based on clustering analysis, although some trees inside the population showed significantly different values in comparison with other trees.
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