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This review presents recent data about cell wall involvement in plant embryogenesis. During plant development, the cell wall is subjected to precise regulation. During this process a bidirectional information exchange between the cell wall and the protoplast is observed. The cell wall also mediates in the cell-cell (apoplastic) and cell to cell (symplastic) information flow. Especially some products derived from the hydrolysis of specific cell wall compounds can act as short distance signal transduction molecules during the development. Oligosaccharins are a group of such products. Their activity and sources focused the researchers’ attention on the biochemical composition of the cell wall and the activity of some cell wall enzymes. The dramatic influence on the embryo body shape has also the cell wall synthesis machinery, including vesicular secretion pathways. Moreover, the interplay between the turgor pressure and counteracting cell walls and neighbouring cells (in higher organisms) creates the specific mechanical forces influencing the development of the whole plant. We conclude that discovering factors which can influence cell wall physiology and architecture is crucial for a better understanding of plant embryogenesis. In this review we summarize some recent experimental data reporting plant cell wall involvement in embryogenesis, putting special emphasis on somatic embryogenesis.
Experiments were carried out in the experimental station “Marcelin” of Poznań University of Life Sciences in 2006. The objective of this study was to compare eight dill cultivars in order to determine their usefulness for cultivation in containers in different lighting conditions (PPFD -100 and 75 μmol·m-2·s-1).The following cultivars ‘Amat’, ‘Ambrozja’, ‘Herkules’, ‘Krezus’, ‘Kronos’, ‘Lukullus’, ‘Skaner’ and ‘Szmaragd’ were compared. In the first week of cultivation, higher plants and greater biomass were obtained in the cultivation at 100 µmol. m-2.s-1 in comparison with plants growing at 75 µmol. m-2.s-1. After four weeks of growth, no differences in the parametric assessment of plants growing at 100 µmol. m-2.s-1 and at 75 µmol. m-2.s-1 were observed. ‘Ambrozja’ cultivar was characterized by the highest growth dynamics and value of LAI index, while ‘Skaner’ by the lowest. The performed experiments showed that ‘Ambrozja ‘cultivar is the most suitable one for cultivation in containers.
It is a common opinion that main challenge for plant production is to cope with environmental stresses, both abiotic and biotic. Although biostimulator Asahi SL has been used for years to improve plant status and obtain possibly the highest and best quality yield, especially under conditions unfavourable for plant cultivation, its mode of action is still not understood. In this work the effect of Asahi SL on Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under drought stress was studied. Plants grown under drought stress conditions and treated with Asahi SL were, as compared to untreated, higher and more advanced in development, particularly generative. Biomass accumulation was stimulated by biostimulator mainly due to better photosynthetic apparatus efficiency manifested by a higher (i) assimilation area, (ii) chlorophyll content, (iii) intensity of photosynthesis and (iv) improvement of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Asahi SL treated plants were characterized by a lower concentration of biological active ABA. Despite the higher transpiration and lowered stomatal resistance RWC and water content were unchanged in Asahi SL treated plants which can be explained by increased water uptake in biostimulator sprayed plants. The obtained results clearly showed that the application of biostimulator played a protective role against drought stress.
Somatic embryos were induced from immature zygotic embryos of Arabidopsis thaliana cultured on Gamborg basal medium (B5) supplemented with dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 5 µM l-1. The somatic embryos were of unicellular origin. The sequence of divisions and the orientation of newly formed walls resembled the Onagrad pattern of early embryogenesis. Histological studies revealed no connection between the somatic embryos and explant tissue. In contrast to zygotic embryos, in late heart-shaped somatic embryos both sieve and tracheary elements were present. The sieve elements that formed in somatic embryos were characterized by larger plates than normal sieve elements observed in seedlings. Typical features of the tracheary elements in somatic embryos were irregular shape and thickening of the secondary walls.
Yields of oilseed rape harvested by farmers in Poland are usually much below the attainable potential of currently cultivated varieties, mainly because of the insufficient supply of nutrients during the yield foundation period, which determines the final number of secondary branches. This situation is typical of whole Poland, but may take place even on farms where high yields are harvested, for example in 2007. In 2006, 2007 and 2008, the year effect of multi-micronutrient fertilizers on yield of seeds, elements of yield structure and macronutrient content was studied. Multi-micronutrient fertilizers were applied twice over oilseed rape foliage during its pre-anthesis growth (BBCH45 and 53). In 2007, due to a drought in April, the harvested yields of seeds were below the country’s average. However, in each year of the study, a significant increase in the seed yield owing to the foliar application of multi-micronutrient fertilizers was found. The increase in the yield of seeds, averaged for the three years, reached 0.486 t ha–1 for the NPK+MiMo treatment (full set of micronutrients) and 0.36 t ha–1 for the NPK + Mi treatment (without molybdenum). The increments of the oilseed rape yield resulted from an increased number of developed secondary branches. This yield-forming element was an indirect result of the application of multi-micronutrient fertilizers, which affected the nitrogen economy by oilseed rape plants during the foundation period of their growth. At the same time, the increase in seed yield was significantly modified by the total number of developed pods, which is shaped during the yield-forming period of oilseed rape crop growth. Under conditions of the study, the magnesium content in secondary branches was found to be an element significantly correcting their number, thus increasing the yield of seeds.
The content and composition of glucosinolates in the leaves of some double low and traditional varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), at three different stages of development, was investigated. Double low rape varieties showed lower, general content of glucosinolates of which indolyl glucosinolates were the most abundant, specially at the initial stage of plant development.
The consequent effect of growth retardants: paclobutrazol – 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 mg l⁻¹, flurprimidol – 0.1, 1, 5 mg l⁻¹, chlorocholine chloride (CCC) – 5, 50 mg l⁻¹ on the growth and development of Tibouchina urvilleana Cogn. in vitro was examined. Paclobutrazol at concentration of 1 or 5 mg l⁻¹ and flurprimidol at 5 mg l⁻¹ inhibited the growth of shoots significantly. It was noted that shoots originating from these media had thicker, straighter stems and shorter internodes. The stimulating influence of CCC at 5 mg l⁻¹ on the elongation of the main shoot was observed. Axillary shoots formation was the best when shoots were derived from the medium supplemented with flurprimidol 1 mg l⁻¹. Paclobutrazol at 0.5 and 1 mg l⁻¹ and flurprimidol at 5 mg l⁻¹ influenced the formation and fresh weight of roots increase, but flurprimidol was more effective. Growth retardants (except paclobutrazol at 5 mg l⁻¹) applied in the earlier passage stimulated elongation of roots.
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