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A total of 111 strains (77 strains were Gram-negative and 34 were Gram-positive) of an­aerobic bacteria isolated from respiratory tract, were tested. The following essential oils were used for these determinations: Tea Tree Oil, Manuka Oil, Australian Lemon Myrtle Oil and Australian Sandalwood Oil. The susceptibility bacterial strains was determined by means of plate dilution techniques in Brucella agar with 5% sheep blood. Incubation was performed in anaerobic conditions. The MIC was interpreted as the lowest concen­trations of the essential oils inhibiting the growth of bacteria. The results indicated, that strains of Prevotella (40-81%), Porphyromonas (40-60%) and Fusobacterium (53-65%) were the most sensitive to the lowest concentrations of the 4 es­sential oils (MIC <0.03-0.12 mg/ml). From among Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria, the strains of the Peptostreptococcus were the most susceptible to Manuka Oil and Tea Tree Oil (82-95% strains respectively were susceptible with values of MIC from <0.03 to 0.12 mg/ml). The most active against all examined anaerobic bacteria were the Manuka Oil and the Tea Tree Oil. The tested essential oils were more active against Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria.
Flavonoids and their conjugates are the most important group of natural chemical compounds in drug discovery and development. The search for pharmacological activity and new mechanisms of activity of these chemical compounds, which may inhibit mediators of inflammation and influence the structure and function of endothelial cells, can be an interesting pharmacological strategy for the prevention and adjunctive treatments of hypertension, especially induced by pregnancy. Because cardiovascular diseases have multifactorial pathogenesis these natural chemical compounds with wide spectrum of biological activities are the most interesting source of new drugs. Extracts from one of the most popular plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi could be a very interesting source of flavonoids because of its exact content in quercetin, apigenin, chrysin and scutellarin as well as in baicalin. These flavonoids exert vasoprotective properties and many activities such as: anti-oxidative via several pathways, anti-inflammatory, anti-ischaemic, cardioprotective and anti-hypertensive. However, there is lack of summaries of results of studies in context of potential and future application of flavonoids with determined composition and activity. Our review aims to provide a literature survey of in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo pharmacological studies of selected flavonoids (apigenin, chrysin and scutellarin, baicalin) in various models of hypertension carried out in 2008–2018.
Chloroform, butanolic and water fractions from the methanolic extracts of Lamium album L. and L. purpureum L. flowers and different organs of mistletoe (Viscum album L.), namely leaves, stalks and fruits were investigated for the free radical scavenging properties by using colour free radical DPPH • as a stain reagent for dot-blot assay on a T LC plate and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC) analysis (2D-TLC-DPPH test) as well as a dye reagent for the spectrophotometric assay. For each plant material, butanolic fractions showed the strongest activity, of which those of the Lamium species were nearly equal to that of the known antioxidant - BHA. According to 2D-TLC chromatography, the phenolic compounds present were responsible for the antiradical activity of the fractions.
Fluphenazine (FPh) exhibited antimutagenic activity in lymphocyte cultures, markedly decreasing genotoxic effects of standard mutagenic agents present in cell cultures. However, the strong pharmacological activity of this neuroleptic drug, together with its serious side effects on the central nervous system, limits its use as an antimutagenic compound. In this paper we describe a route of chemical synthesis of FPh analogues that are more hydrophilic than the model compound, thus probably penetrate more weakly through the blood-brain barrier. These new analogues were tested for their antimutagenic and pro-apoptotic activities in human lymphocyte cultures, genotoxically damaged in vitro with benzo[a]pyrene [40 μM, 30 min] and subsequently cultured for 48 h in the presence of the tested compounds. The fluphenazine analogues enhanced apoptosis in genotoxically damaged lymphocytes more strongly than the model compound did. The increase of apoptotic cell frequency was the highest with compound 4a [2-(trifluoromethyl)-10-[3-(diethanolamino)-2-hydroxypropyl] phenothiazine] - a 35% higher effect than that of fluphenazine. The cytotoxicity of derivative 4a was the lowest among the tested compounds; it was 60% lower than that of fluphenazine. The antimutagenic effect of 4a was about 10% stronger than that of fluphenazine. Compund 4a also had the highest hydrophilicity of the new FPh analogues. Compound 4a was chosen for further study as a potentially usable antimutagen that would only weakly penetrate the central nervous system.
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