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The study examined the effect of variation in hydrology on seedling recruitment of shrubs, trees and herbs in peat bogs. The establishment of plants and hydrologic conditions were followed in two peatlands in the Polesie Zachodnie region, Eastern Poland. Meteorological conditions in the study sites ranged from very dry (2006) to very wet (2007) and strongly affected ground water level in the bogs. The emergence of woody species typical for advanced vegetation succession was higher in forest-bog, while the recruitment of typical peat bog plants was higher in open bog. Disturbance in the vegetation positively influencedemergence of typical peat bog species and Betula pubescens, but the effect was only foundin the dry year. Only in Pinus sylvestris did recruitment increase in wet seasons. The results suggested that an increase in the number of woody species in peat bogs may be enhanced during relatively wet seasons and that disturbance in the vegetation cover are not required for seedling recruitment of these plants.
Almost at one half of the localities their natural water regime has been substitially changed, at some other localities it has been at least partly changed and only at 2-5 localities the recent state of water regime can be considered more or less natural. 12 localities have been in the past heavily degraded by peat extraction. In spite of the high degree of deterioration, many of the remaining peatbogs can be still considered important for the biodiversity, since they represent important habitats for many rare and threatened plant and animal species. From the restoration measures suggested, the most frequent is the filling (blocking) of drainage ditches (18 localities) and the restoration of the regulated watercourses to increase the ground water tables (13 localities).
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Touristic potential of the peat bogs

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The objective of the article is to analyse the development of peat bogs and to present them as tourist attractive objects with special indication of their uniqueness and occurrence of particularly interesting flora and fauna. In order to realize the basic targets of the work the available scientific literature concerning peat bogs, including mainly the peat bogs of the Orawa-Nowy Targ Valley was analysed as well as author’s observations regarding the selected peat bogs were conducted. Forest upon Czerwone, Baligówka. In order to obtain the tourist potential of these places a photographic documentation of selected attractions was conducted and the method of developing the selected peat bogs was described. Peat bogs in Poland and in particular those which occur in Orawa-Nowy Targ Valley are the areas of unique natural value at a European scale and a high tourist potential. Appropriately developed and made accessible they may become a significant tourist attraction of a given region. The examples of the right development of areas which are precious in terms of nature may be found within the analysed pea bogs: Baligówka and Bór upon Czerwone. Securing such fragile ecosystem as the peat bogs becomes necessary and the principles of balanced tourism.
Hormotila ramosissima Korš., a very rare in the world and poorly known species, have been found in peat bogs of Lower Silesia. The growth stages typical of this species but unknown so far, have been described and illustrated. It was found that this species has many features in common with the representatives of Volvocales, Tetrasporales, and chlorococcales. The regularly observed zoospores and hemizoospores, which accompanied the various developmental stages of that species, showed an internal structure of Chlamydomonas-type. Studies on Hormotila ramosissima were based on live material collected in ample quantities from peat bogs. The collected in this way repeatable and abundant data allowed to discuss problems concerning morphology, reproduction and development, as well as consider the taxonomic position this species.
The studies carried out in the years 2004-2005 and in 2009 were aimed at identifying the functioning conditions of a boreal plant relict, Salix lapponum, in its stands under anthropopressure in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland. The study results confirmed that the number of S. lapponum stands on Lake Miejskie and on Cow Marsh and its population size had significantly decreased as well as the population condition had deteriorated during the last 50 years. Based on the results of an analysis of environmental (biocenotic and abiotic) factors it was found that changes in habitat conditions in its stands were the main threat for downy willow. Another cause of population decline and the deteriorated condition of downy willow individuals may be the habitat isolation. The observed intraspecific phenomena, i.e. the lack of flowering in individuals and the lack of downy willow seedlings could be the reason for insufficient reproduction efficiency, ipso facto, the weaker adaptation of individuals to changes in habitat condition. Therefore, it seems that it is necessary to pursue active species conservation and protection which should primarily involve population reconstruction – restitution.
The authors determined the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and electrical conductivity, as well as the colour and pH in the ground waters of 26 peatbogs in Pomerania (NW Poland). Three kinds of peat-bogs have been taken into account – forestless sphagnum-cover bogs, bog coniferous forests and birch swamps. The condition of bogs was classified as good, moderate or poor as regards their natural qualities. In good natural-status peat-bogs the lowest amounts of DOC (about 30 mg C dm⁻³) and conductivity (<100 µS cm⁻¹) were found in the water of the peat of sphagnumcover bogs, higher levels were recorded in forest peat-bog water (DOC – 50 mg C dm⁻³, conductivity – 100 µS cm⁻¹). Drainage of all the kinds of peat-bog under study leads to an increase in the concentration of DOC (>70 mg C dm⁻³) and conductivity (up to 90 µS cm⁻¹ in degraded sphagnum-cover bogs and 140–150 µS cm⁻¹ in degraded forest bogs); there also occurs an increase in acidity (from pH 4.0–3.7 to 3.7–3.4) and coloration (from 300 to 1000 mg Pt dm⁻³ in forestless peat-bogs and from 600–800 to 1400–1600 mg Pt dm⁻³ in forest bogs).
The presented paper is an edited version of the part of Ph.D. thesis of the same title and by the same author. The main aim of the research was to assess the state of peat formation process on post-harvested fields of the selected raised bogs in the Orawa – Nowy Targ Basin on the basis of the acrotelm layer self-regeneration. The results revealed that the peat formation process takes place on six from among eight investigated bogs and statistical analysis of the percentage coverage by three plant groups proved that there are significant differences between them. The attempt to determine the rate of organic mass increase on post-mined areas by means of dendrological method was undertaken. Survey results suggest that the rate of organic mass accumulation on the investigated areas is high and depends on local conditions.
After the lapse of 48 years, a renewed study on species composition of desmids was carried out at the Błoto peat bog in the Niepołomice Forest. During this period, the peat bog underwent far-reaching changes caused by man. Out of 41 species recorded by Wasylik (1955), the occurrence of only 11 was confirmed. However, 14 species absent at the time of the earlier study were found. In all, 25 species of desmids were found. The present state of the desmid flora was brought about by increase of pH, draining of the area, disappearance of peat mosses and probably by eutrophication of waters in the studied area.
The paper concerns a very rare and poorly known species of green alga Chlorodiscus natans Petersen & Hansen, discovered in the peat bog "Brzeźnik" near Bolesławiec (Poland). This is the second stand so far discovered in the world. The collected material allowed complementing the knowledge on organization of colonies, morphology and way of hair development. The remaining features, particularly the structure of the cell, are in concordance with the hitherto diagnosis of that species. The paper presents problems connected with the taxonomic affiliation of the species and describes the ecological conditions of habitats occupied by this alga.
This study presents information on a new to Poland synanthropic species - Aronia ×prunifolia (purple chokeberry).Purple chokeberry is cultivated worldwide as a fruit and decorative plant. In various regions of the world the process of its naturalisation outside the places of cultivation has been observed. In Europe, it is visible, among others, in Holland and Germany. In Poland, the first case was recorded in the "Bagna" bog complex near Chlebowo (Wielkopolska region). In this study, the distribution of Aronia ×prunifolia in Poland has been presented (square ATPOL BC67, BC68) as well as its spread and conditions of occurrence.
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