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In addition to 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)- carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) used so far to monitor intramitochondrial pH, two other fluorescent pH indicators, 4',5'-dimethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (DMCF) and carboxyseminaphthofluorescein (carboxy-SNAFL-1), were applied for this purpose. These probes are taken up by isolated rat liver mitochondria in form of diacetate esters, hydrolyzed within mitochondria to free acids, and respond to changes of intramitochondrial pH by changing their fluorescence emission intensity. With all three probes energization of mitochondria by electron donors or acceptors was accompanied by fluorescence changes characteristic for alkalization, whereas deenergization by respiratory inhibitors or protonophores produced changes typical for acidification. Contrary to this, transition from State 4 to State 3, known to shift intramitochondrial pH towards acidification (equivalent to a decrease of ApH), was accompanied by paradoxical responses of the fluorescent pH probes used: the fluorescence of DMCF increased as if the matrix compartment became more alkaline, the fluorescence of BCECF, measured in single excitation/emission wavelength mode, did not change, and the fluorescence of carboxy-SNAFL-1 could be interpreted as either alkalization or acidification, depending on the excitation/emission wavelength pair used. It was shown that depletion of intramitochondrial Mg2+ and Ca2+ using divalent metal ionophore A23187 decreased fluorescence intensity with all three probes examined, whereas subsequent addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+ increased the fluorescence. It is therefore proposed that the atypical response of intramitochondrial pH indicators upon State 4 - State 3 transition is due to changes of intramitochondrial free Mg2+, as related to different complexing abilities of ATP and ADP towards magnesium.
An examination of negative charge distribution among solid soil phase components and its relations to pH of the equilibrium solution was conducted by model experiments on clays separated from selected acidic soils. It was noted that negative charge blocking by iron and aluminium oxides occurs, with the most pronounced effect in brown and podzol clays. On the basis of measured values of sample charges before and after removal of organic matter the organic matter charges were calculated to have a more linear pH dependence than that seen for natural clays. This effect is attributed to the presence of positive charges in the clays investigated.
The influence of voltage electrostimulation on some quality features of horseflesh have been examined. The samples of horseflesh from 16 carcasses after butchering have been divided into 3 experimental groups. One group of muscles was the control group, the second one was treated with electrostimulation after 30 minutes and the third one was electrostimulated after 240 minutes after butchering. The greatest muscle reaction observed in the accelerated fall of pH was noticed in the second experimental group. Big changes of hygroscopity and termic outlow have not been observed. The electrostimulation influenced the acceleration of ripening, which was observed in the organoleptic appreciation.
The pH influence on the particular forms of soil acidity and the relations between soil neutralization and charge were investigated. Clay fractions of six acidic soils of different origin were examined after conversion into homoionic sodium and aluminium forms. Results indicate that soil exchange acidity should be defined not on the basis of neutral salt extraction but on the basis of surface charge available to acidic ions adsorption. The amount of pH dependent acidity neutralized with pH increase can be quantitatively described by the increase of negative surface charge and the decrease of positive surface charge.
Relations among clay particle aggregation, clay composition and the pH of equilibrium solution were studied using sedimetrical scales and sodium forms of clay fractions separated from six acidic soils of different origin. Experimentally obtained sedimentation curves were numerically extrapolated to infinite time and the mass of sediment virtually deposited was taken as a basic factor characterizing aggregation. Aggregation of investigated clays was significantly influenced by the presence of particular solid phase components i.e. organic matter, iron and aluminium compounds, which are apparently connected with their surface charges (negative and positive) and their relative amounts. A pH increase lead to a decrease of aggregation for every case investigated.
Survival kinetics of four strains of L. acidophilus were studied in the pH range from 1.5 to 6.5 during 6 h incubation at 37°C. Viable cell counts of the strains subjected to low pHs decreased at pH 3.5 and rapidly at pH 1.5; No live cells were recovered at the extreme pH value (1.5 ) after 6 h incubation. L. acidophilus strains В and V-74 showed better survival ability to challenge the exposed acidic conditions than L. acidophilus strains CH-2 and CH-5, regarding survival rates, survival kinetics, and survival time.
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The influence of aluminium on negative soil charge

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The influence of pH and aluminium on soil clays’ negative charge was investigated for clays separated from acidic soils of different origin. It was observed that aluminium caused a negative charge decrease due possibly to nonexchangeable Al polycations adsorption in the 4-6 pH range. Aluminium complexing by organic matter can diminish soil negative charge in a broad range of pH.
The behaviour of exchangeable aluminium and hydrogen in the broad range of pH was studied at model conditions on clays taken from acidic soils of different origin. Sodium and aluminium forms of clays were used and ion exchange experiments were performed. On the basis of the results obtained and data previously reported, it was calculated that exchangeable aluminium below pH 4 is trivalent and in the pH range between 4 to 6 its average charge decreases. Measurable, exchangeable hydrogen quantities occur only at very low pH values.
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