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Inhibition of oxidation of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) by free radicals generated by decomposition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidopropane) (ABAP) by antioxidants and biological material was studied. A correlation was found between the ability of various substances to delay the onset of ABTS oxidation and their rapid reduction of the ABTS+* cation radical, and between the ability to reduce the maximal rate of ABTS oxidation and slow reduction of ABTS+*. The length of the lag period of ABTS oxidation was found to be independent of ABTS concentration. Similar decrease of peroxynitrite-induced ABTS+* formation by antioxidants was observed when the antioxidants were added before and after peroxynitrite. All these findings indicate that the main effect of antioxidants in this system is reduction of ABTS+* and not prevention of its formation. Reduction of oxidation products rather than inhibition of their formation may be the predominant mode of action of antioxidants in various assays of antioxidant activity.
Native potato starch was oxidized by means of: sodium chlorate(I), hydrogen peroxide and sodium chlorate(III) - at presence of formaldehyde. Native and modified starches were analyzed for the contents of carboxylic and aldehyde groups, amylose and total phosphorus. Also water binding capacity as well as the solubility in water, gelatinization characteristics and flowing curves analyses were done. On the bases of obtained results it may be stated that sodium chlorate(I) and hydrogen peroxide were more effective oxidizing agents than sodium chlorate(III). Oxidized starches were characterized by lower total phosphorus and amylose contents. All applied modifications caused total solubility of obtained starches at 80°C. Modification with sodium chlorate(III) and hydrogen peroxide did not change the water biding capacity of starch solubility in water at temp. 60°C, whereas with the sodium chlorate(III) - the solubility only. It was also observed, the lowering of parameters of gelatinization profile and K coefficient of consistency due to action of oxidizing agents. Sodium chlorate(III) decreased the viscosity of obtained glued starch only during refrigeration and holding at temperature 50°C.
Molecular oxygen (O2) is widely used as an oxidant in catalytic oxidation. This study was part of a biomimetic oxidation targeted at increasing the use of lignin in the production of chemicals through the application of salen transition metal catalysts. In this work, the catalytic performance of a cobalt-Schiff base catalyst Co(salen) in the presence of an oxidant and a ligand, such as pyridine, was analysed using two polymeric lignin model compounds. Oxidation experiments were carried out in alkaline water (pH 11-12) with the use of H2O2 and atmospheric oxygen (1atm) as oxidants. Co(salen) was an active catalyst, increasing the oxidation rate of the S- and G- type phenolic model polymers. In studies with FTIR, C-13 NMR, and GC-MS spectroscopy, the Co(salen)--catalysed oxidation rate was found to be high in the presence of O2. O2 had effects on the activity of the Co(salen), and it was concluded that the rate of the decomposition of the polymer was increased with the addition of O2. The structure of the lignin model polymers also had an effect on their decomposition. In the form of two CH3O-group polymers (S-type lignin model polymer), the depolymerisation decreased. Irrespective of the polymer (both S- and G- type lignin model polymers), the depolymerisation generated benzaldehydes as the main observed products. The model polymer studies were confirmed to be a useful way to obtain information about the reactions occurring during catalytic oxidation.
The reaction of nitrite (NO-2) with horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase was studied. Sequential mixing sopped-flow measeruments gave the following values for the rate constants of the reaction of nitrite with compounds II (oxoferryl heme intermediates) of horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase at pH 7.0, 13.3 ± 0.07 mol-1dm3s-1 and 3.5 ± 0.05 · 104mol-1dm3s-1, respectively. Nitrite, at neutral pH, influenced measurements of activity of lactoperoxidase with typical substrates like 2,2'-azino-bis[ethyl-benzothiazoline-(6)-sulphonic acid] (ABTS), guaiacol or thiocyanate (SCN-). The rate of ABTS and guaiacol oxidation increased linearly with nitrite concentration up to 2.5-5 mmol dm-3. On the other hand, two-electron SCN- oxidation was inhibited in the presence od nitrite. Thus, nitrite competed with the investigated substrates of lactoperoxidase. The intermediate, most probably nitrogen dioxide (*NO2), reacted more rapidly with ABTS or guaiacol than did lactoperoxidase compound II. It did not, however, effectively oxidize SCN- to OSCN-. NO-2 did not influence the activity measurements of horseradish peroxidase by ABTS or guaiacol method.
The kinetics of pyrite oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria were studied in different conditions of reaction (different size of pyrite sample relative to the leaching medium, medium pH and temperature). A model of the kinetics of the process has been proposed according to which it can be described by an autocatalytic reaction of order II, i.e. I order with respect to pyrite iron and I order with respect to the forming Fe(III) ions. On the basis of this model the rate constants and induction times of the reactions taking place in different conditions have been determined. The results obtained within the model enable us to show the optimum conditions of microbiological oxidation of pyrite.
Kinetics of the process of microbiological oxidation of synthetic CuS performed with the involvement of pure and mixed cultures of T. ferrooxidans and T. lluooxidans bacteria were studied. The CuS oxidation with T. ferrooxidans bacteria was found to be best described by the model of inhibition of the first order with respect to the substrate and the product-inhibitor, while the process with T. thiooxidans and mixed cultures of these bacteria is best described by the first order reaction with respect to the substrate. It was also shown that the adaptation of the bacteria to the CuS tested significantly shortens the induction period and increases reaction rates. The optimum conditions of CuS oxidation were established. The yield of the reaction was established as ca. 30% and an increase in the reaction rate was observed when using mixed cultures of T. feirooxidans i T. thiooxidans bacteria adapted to CuS at 35ºC, in the medium containing 1 % (wt./vol.) CuS at the initial pH of the medium of 1.82.
Lipid peroxidation is a process involving the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are basic components of biological membranes. Reactive electrophilic compounds are formed during lipid peroxidation, mainly α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. These compounds yield a number of adducts with DNA. Among them, propeno and substituted propano adducts of deoxyguanosine with malondialdehyde (MDA), acrolein, crotonaldehyde and etheno adducts, resulting from the reactions of DNA bases with epoxy aldehydes, are a very important group of adducts. The epoxy aldehydes are more reactive towards DNA than the parent unsaturated aldehydes. The compounds resulting from lipid peroxidation mostly react with DNA showing both genotoxic and mutagenic action; among them, 4-hydroxynonenal is the most genotoxic, while MDA is the most mutagenic. DNA damage caused by the adducts of lipid peroxidation products with DNA can be removed by the repairing action of glycosylases. The formed adducts have been hitherto analyzed using the IPPA (Imunopurification-32P-postlabelling assay) method and via gas chromatography/electron capture negtive chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (GC/EC NCI/MS). A combination of liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ES-MSMS) with labelled inner standard has mainly been used in recent years.
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