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In pancreatic β-cells, although H2O2 is a metabolic signal for glucose stimulated insulin secretion, it may induce injury in the presence of increased oxidative stress (OS) as in the case of diabetic chronic hyperglycemia. Olea europea L. (olive) leaves contain polyphenolic compounds that may protect insulin-secreting cells against OS. The major polyphenolic compound in ethanolic olive leaf extract (OLE) is oleuropein (about 20 %), thus we compared the effects of OLE with the effects of standard oleuropein on INS-1 cells. The cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of OLE or oleuropein for 24 h followed by exposure to H2O2 (0.035 mM) for 45 min. H2O2 alone resulted in a significantly decreased viability (MTT assay), depressed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, increased apoptotic and necrotic cell death (AO/EB staining), inhibited glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) and stimulated catalase activity that were associated with increased intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (fluorescence DCF). OLE and oleuropein partly improved the viability, attenuated necrotic and apoptotic death, inhibited the ROS generation and improved insulin secretion in H2O2-exposed cells. The effects of oleuropein on insulin secretion were more pronounced than those of OLE, while OLE exerted a stronger anti-cytotoxic effect than oleuropein. Unlike OLE, oleuropein had no significant preserving effect on GPx; however, both compounds stimulated the activity of catalase in H2O2-exposed cells. These findings indicate different modulatory roles of polyphenolic constituents of olive leaves on redox homeostasis that may have a role in the maintenance of β-cell physiology against OS.
A total of 180 1-day-old male Hubbard Flex broiler chickens were used in a 32-day model experiment to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with quercetin (Q) and with polyphenolic extracts of rosemary (RO), olive leaves (OL) and pine bark (PB) on the performance of the birds and the microbiological status of their ileum. The chickens were randomly allocated into 9 groups: the control group (with 6 replicates, 6 birds per cage) and 8 treatment groups (with 3 replicates in each, 6 birds per cage), and fed ad libitum throughout the experimental period with a basal isoenergetic and isoprotein control diet or with the same basal diet containing two concentrations of RO, OL and PB extracts (2.50 and 5.00 g/kg), and Q (0.25 and 0.50 g/kg). The body weight gain (BWG) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined during the experiment. At day 32, two randomly selected birds from each cage were slaughtered, and 5-centimetre-long pieces of the ileum beginning from the Meckel's diverticulum were collected to analyze the number of microorganisms in the intestinal content. Chickens’ weight gain and FCR were not affected by the OL-, PB- and Q-enriched diets, but supplementation with RO significantly (P < 0.05) impaired FCR. BWG was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when chickens were fed with mixtures containing 2.50 and 0.25 g/kg of the polyphenolic additives. The number of CFUs of intestinal microorganisms was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the diet modification. However, a large decrease (P > 0.05) was observed in the CFUs of coliform bacteria (up to 96%), E. coli (up to 93%), Lactobacillus spp. (up to 89%), molds and yeasts (up to 95%) and anaerobic Clostridium spp. (up to 52%) in the ileum content of chickens supplemented with the additives containing polyphenols.
The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae is one of the most serious and economically damaging insects worldwide, affecting the quality and quantity of both olive oil and table olives. Laboratory bioassays were conducted for the first time to evaluate the susceptibility of B. oleae pupae to two entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The nematodes tested caused pupal mortality of 62.5% and 40.6%, respectively. The most noteworthy result was obtained with S. carpocapsae which was able to infect 21.9% of the emerged adults. Since this tephritid fly spent several months in the soil as pupa, the use of EPNs could be a promising method to control this pest.
In order to study microtubule organization during pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Olea europaea, we applied immunofluorescence microscopy using mouse monoclonal antibody against α-tubulin as primary antibody and FITC-conjugated goat antimouse IgG as secondary antibody. DAPI enabled observation of the vegetative nucleus entering the emerging pollen tube before the generative cell. The latter then overtakes the vegetative nucleus once both are inside the pollen tube. The generative cell remains ahead of the vegetative nucleus until it is finally divided into two gametes. This cell division occurs when the generative cell is close to the tip of the pollen tube. Possible connections between microtubules and nuclear migration in the pollen tube are discussed.
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