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The paper reviews on the characteristic of mast cells and their role in innate and adaptive immunity, also in antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasitic response and allergic and autoimmunological reactions. Moreover, the cooperation of mast cells with dendritic cells, lymphocytes T and B has been discussed.
The intestinal mucosal immune system is a very important component of the host’s defense against pathogenic organisms, especially those responsible for enteric infections associated with diarrhoeal diseases. The best known entity providing specific immune protection for the gut is the SIgA system. The resistance of SIgA against normal intestinal proteases makes these antibodies exceptionally well-suited to protect the intestinal mucosal surfaces. It is now almost axiomatic that in order to be efficacious, vaccines against enteric infections must be able to stimulate the local gut immune system. This goal in usually better achieved by administering vaccines by the oral route. Based on the concept of a common mucosal immune system through which activated lymphocytes from the gut can disseminate immunity to other mucosal tissues, there in currently much interest in the possibility of developing oral vaccines against infections in the respiratory and urogenital tracts. There in also a great need to develop strategies for enhancing antigen delivery to the mucosal system as well as identify mocosa-active immunostimula- ting agents (adjuvants).
Toxoplasmosis is a common and generally benign disease in immunocompetent persons caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which is an intestinal coccidian parasite of felines. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is mainly based on the results of serological tests detecting anti-T. Gondii specific antibodies, but T lymphocytes and cytokines they produce play a crucial role in determining the outcome of parasitic infection in terms of both protective immunity and immunopathology.
Beside the variety of environmental and neurohormonal factors regulating the gastrointestinal function, microbes and parasites can also modulate this function. Their influences can be harmful, thus the gastrointestinal tract is equipped with numerous specific or unspecific defense mechanisms. While the gastric acid secretion in the stomach, gastrointestinal mucosal continuity, or some adaptation mechanisms are unspecific ones, the immunological gastrointestinal system comprises a cluster of specific defense mechanisms. The identification, binding and neutralization of the aforementioned antigens serves as its principal role. The immunological system is well developed in the gastrointestinal tract and might be understood as the main barrier protecting the organism against the infectious factors. The gastrointestinal immunological system is localized mainly in subepithelial space, where the lymphocytes and a substantial amount of immunoglobulin A are present. Secretory immunoglobulin A also occurs in the intestinal lumen and is able to block the adhesion of antigen proteins to intestinal epithelium. However, the portion of antigens passing the gut epithelium migrating into the subepithelial space where it is neutralized, at least in part, can spread over the body in at least three different pathways: to Peyer patches and then toward the mesenterical lymph nodes and finally to a lymph, directly to the lymphatic vessels of intestinal villus or to the mesenteric veins. In addition, the antigens evoke various immunological reactions. Gastrointestinal immunological processes can be amplified (sensitization) or hampered (tolerance). The nervous system can also participate in immunological reactions linked with the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, in the gastrointestinal tract and also in the nervous system exist clear relationships between their basic functions and immunological processes.
There has been a worldwide increase in the prevalence of allergy. Parasite infections may have a varied influence on the outcome of allergic reactions. Of particular interest is the possibility that helminth infections may lessen the intensity of allergy symptoms. This may occur due to the immune regulatory network evoked by helminthes decreasing allergy through the action of regulatory T lymphocytes and cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β. The authors of the article discuss the latest research results in this field as well as laboratory studies describing the phenomena. The article also describes multiple mechanisms which may be utilized by helminths to mediate the suppression of allergy, and which involve regulatory lymphocytes and cytokines, helminthic molecules and polyclonal IgE.
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