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In view of the lack of research on the behaviour of horses working on mechanical treadmills, this study was aimed at assessing the behaviour of ponies on the treadmill and at analysing their heart rate variability in order to describe characteristic types of their behavioural and emotional response. The study was conducted on nine Felin ponies, which were being accustomed to working on a mechanical treadmill for three consecutive days. Their heart rate variability parameters were measured and their behaviour was assessed while the animals were stabled, when they were walking onto the treadmill, during treadmill work and as they walked off the treadmill. The results obtained were used to describe behavioural and emotional response patterns of the horses being accustomed to working on the treadmill. The results were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (repeated measures), t-Tukey’s test and Spearman’s rank correlations. It was found that the proposed method of describing the types of emotional and behavioural response of ponies indicates the need to assess their level of being accustomed to working on the treadmill by observation of their behaviour combined with simultaneous measurement of their heart rate parameters. The use of both methods is necessary especially when ponies are entering the treadmill and during their work on the treadmill, which are the two most difficult stages for the animals. It is also worth remembering that ponies should first be accustomed to the new environment and only later to working on the treadmill. A three-day period of adaptation to the new environment may be insufficient. Care should be taken especially on the second day of getting ponies accustomed to the treadmill, which can be regarded as critical. A positive finding is that the increased emotional arousal/excitability of ponies trained for treadmill work is short-lived.
The aim of the study was to elaborate and verify a social test for adult dogs, taking into account training and maintenance. In total, 157 dogs (male and female) aged from 1 to 4 years were studied. All dogs came from breeds registered in the Polish Kennel Club. Two groups were selected: 1) trained dogs which passed the utility (IPO) or obedience (PT - after Polish regulations) exam and 2) untrained dogs. Dogs were divided into two maintenance groups: house-maintained dogs and kennel dogs. In the Department of Pet Breeding and Wildlife Management of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin a social test for adult dogs has been developed. The test is based on American temperament tests and Polish psychic tests performed on chosen dog breeds. The test consists of seven trials which estimate if the dog behaves safely to strangers and known people in daily situations. In the present study trained dogs obtained the highest results (p ≤ 0.01) in comparison to untrained dogs. Dogs in house maintenance also obtained better results (p ≤ 0.05) than kennel dogs, which had limited contact with their owners. The social test can be used as an auxiliary tool for veterinarians in order to assess dogs’ psyche during medical examinations and advise dog owners on the control of bad dog behaviour, in animal hotels, where the preliminary assessment of dogs’ behaviour can help avoid problems with the animals, and in dog shelters or animal clinics which offer dogs for adoption.
The aim of this review was to present the basic issues concerning the assessment of behaviour traits in cattle, including its practical importance for the welfare and productivity of these animals. The study reviews the main areas of research in the applied ethology of cattle, emphasizing the relationships between behaviour and productivity traits. It provides examples of studies devoted to these relationships in milk cattle and meat cattle, as well as suggests some means of improving cattle welfare. The growing interest in the applied ethology of cattle in recent decades may significantly increase our knowledge of the behaviour traits of this species, which can also be applied in practice. The development and improvement of methods for the assessment of cattle behaviour facilitates the interpretation of behavioural responses observed in these animals, which makes for an easier and safer human interaction with them. Observation of animal behaviour may also facilitate detection of diseases. The methods of assessing temperamental traits become particularly important when such traits are used as selection indicators.
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