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Omówiono sposób żywienia oraz rozpowszechnienie schorzeń związanych z wadliwym żywieniem u dzieci szwedzkich w latach 1929—31 i 1967—68. Opisano wyniki przeglądu stanu odżywienia dzieci przeprowadzonego w 1980—81 roku przez Szwedzki Narodowy Nadzór Żywieniowy oraz Departament Pediatrii. Dokonano analizy wzorców spożywanych posiłków oraz spożycia składników odżywczych. Omówiono ryzyko chorób związanych z wadliwym żywieniem dzieci szwedzkich.
Background. Mineral supplementation is important whenever any dietary deficiencies of these nutrients occur. However, an excessive consumption of such products can lead to the negative health consequences. Objectives. To estimate the mineral supplements contribution to total dietary intake for adults living in Warsaw. Materials and Methods. Within the frame of the EHES JA Poland and WAW-KARD Projects a representative sample of Warsaw population aged 20 years and above was screened in years 2011/2012. Nutrient intake and supplements use were available for 573 men and 497 women. The minerals levels were analyzed in reference to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Results. In Warsaw population the intake of calcium, magnesium and potassium were lower than RDA, and supplementation didn’t eliminate deficiency of these nutrients (except for magnesium in a group of women). Phosphorus intakes were somewhat higher than those recommended. Enriching the diet with zinc and copper supplements in both sexes were unnecessary, as was iron in men, as their daily dietary intakes closely met the recommended standards. Iron supplementation in women however proved effective, as their daily dietary intakes were rather low. Conclusions. The effectiveness of supplementing the diets of adults living in Warsaw with minerals depends on their type.
The accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) by 19 plant species cultivated in the soil with natural content of those metals and contaminated with them was compared under pot experiment conditions. The elements were jointly applied into the soil as water soluble salts in a single dose (Me-1) and triple dose (Me-3). Cummulative capacity (on an everage) of all five studied heavy metals in the compared plants, irrespective of the metals contents in soil, raises in the following order: maize < oats < wheat < oil radish < ryegrass
Background. The use of dietary supplements is widespread and can contribute substantially to total nutrient intake. However, it also generates some potential risks in the case of unreasonable and excessive use of such products. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of supplementation and the vitamin supplement contribution to total intake among Warsaw population aged 20-74 years. Material and methods. Nutrient intake and supplement use were studied in a representative sample of Warsaw population in years 2011/12 (486 men and 421 women) and in 2001 (658 and 671 respectively). The vitamin levels were analyzed in reference to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the tolerable upper intake level (UL). Results. In the years 2011/12 the use of dietary supplements (vitamins and minerals) was reported by 31% men and 40% women. Vitamin intake from food showed the deficiency of vitamins D, B1 and folates and adequate intake of vitamins A, C, E, B2, B6, B12. Supplementing with vitamins D and B1 as well as folic acid contributed to better RDA fulfillment. Supplementing with vitamins A, C, E, B2, B6 and B12 was not justified because these vitamins were taken in sufficient amounts with food. In 1.3%-14.9% supplement users, the total intake of vitamins A, C, E and B6 exceeded the UL. The prevalence of supplementation of vitamins A, C and E did not change between 2001 and 2011/12, but the total intake of vitamin A in both sexes and vitamins C, E in women was significantly higher in 2001. Conclusions. The use of dietary supplements in Warsaw population was widespread and in case of some vitamins- unreasonable.
The aim of the study was to assess energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates intake by centenarians living in Warsaw. The study was conducted between the years 2001 and 2004. An average dietary energy covered only approximately 81% of Polish RDA for elderly people over 60 years of age, and for 7 persons (1 male and 6 females) was lower than 66.7% of the RDA. Protein and fat intake fully covered nutritional recommendations for these nutrients with exception of 2 women for protein and 4 women for fat. The energy distribution figures were slightly higher for protein and fat, while for carbohydrates lower than recommended. It is very difficult to assess whether energy and nutrient intake by centenarians were adequate because of a lack of nutritional recommendations for such old people. It is necessary to determine the RDA values for a group of 85+ years old.
The aim of this study was to examine of exogenous calcium uptake by 8 cultivars of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Fruits at harvest time were dipped in 1% CaCl2 solution and stored at 18-20 C during 14 days. Apples dipped in water served as control. The results showed significant differences between cultivars in apple calcium content. The least fruit calcium content was observed by cv. Jonagold and the highest by cv. Lobo. It was found significant, positive correlation between fruit calcium content and ability of apples to exogenous calcium uptake. The study showed that intensity of apple surface cracking is not a main factor influencing on exogenous calcium uptake. Apple peel surface without the blush was more sensitive to form the microcrackes than surface with the blush.
Background. According to the WHO data in January 2007, 14 million children were overweight in the countries of the European Union. The problem of childhood obesity should be considered as one of the biggest challenges facing twentyfirst century nutrition and pediatrics. Objective. The aim of this study was to show the correlation between energy, basic nutrients intake and BMI of school children aged 10-12 years, using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Material and Methods. 169 pupils (69 from Krakow and 100 from Skawina), aged 10-12, participated in these studies. The studies were approved by the Board of Education, school principals and the parents. On the basis of measurements of weight and height, body mass index (BMI) was calculated. 24 h dietary recalls were collected in the spring and autumn of 2006, for 4 selected days per week. Results. Intake of energy, total carbohydrate and fat did not met requirements, but intake of protein was too high. Proper weight, based on BMI values in the population aged 10-12, were found in 74.9% of boys and 81.2% of girls. Deficiencies in body weight occurred in 4.2% and 3.4%, overweight in 15.6% and 10.0% while obesity in 5.3% and 5.4% of respondents. Conclusions. Inverse correlation was found between the implementation of standards for energy and BMI values of children. It was observed positive correlation between the consumption of total and animal protein and BMI value.
Doświadczenie zlokalizowane w Czarnym Potoku koło Krynicy zostało zało­żone w 1968 roku na naturalnej łące i glebie brunatnej kwaśnej, wytworzonej z piaskowca magurskiego o składzie granulometrycznym gliny lekkiej pylastej. Doświadczenie oparte na zróżnicowanym nawożeniu mineralnym od 1985 roku prowadzone jest w dwóch seriach 0Ca i +Ca. W pracy przedstawiono zawartość i ilość pobranego potasu w dwóch okresach obejmujących łącznie 37 lat trwania doświadczenia oraz wyniki badań koncentracji potasu w wodach lizymetrycznych i zawartość potasu przyswajalnego w profilu. W warunkach wieloletniego wyłącz­nego nawożenia mineralnego NPK i PK zawartość potasu w runi jest zbliżona. Istotnym czynnikiem o warunkującym ilość pobranego potasu przez ruń jest plon stymulowany nawożeniem azotowym. Nawożeniem potasem wpływa na zwiększe­nie przyswajalnych form tego pierwiastka w glebie. Nie stwierdzono ścisłych zale­żności pomiędzy zawartością tej formy potasu w glebie a jego koncentracją w od­ciekach. Wapnowanie zmniejszało zawartość potasu w runi nawożonej NPK ale różnice w ilości pobranego potasu w porównaniu do serii bez wapnowania są nie­wielkie.
Najistotniejszym celem badań prowadzonych w latach 1982—1985 było scharakteryzowanie aktualnego żywienia się uczniów i stwierdzenie ewentualnych zmian w stanie ich zdrowia i odżywienia. Badane próbki obejmowały wylosowaną młodzież w wieku 11—15 lat, z wszystkich dzielnic Warszawy. Zgłaszalność wahała się w zależności od roku badań w granicach od 85% do 89%. Badania zawsze wykonywano wiosną. Szczegóły metodyczne opublikowano w kilku wcześniejszych pracach. Obecna publikacja przedstawia część wyników badań nad stanem odżywienia i sposobem żywienia się młodzieży w wieku pokwitania. Stwierdzono między innymi, że trendy w spożyciu składników odżywczych przez młodzież były w latach od 1982 do 1985 stabilne. Diety uczniów charakteryzowały się dużą zawartością tłuszczu zwierzęcego (36—37%), zbyt małą zawartością węglowodanów złożonych (52—53%) i w zasadzie wystarczającą zawartością białka ogółem (11% ogółu energii). Zawierały ponadto zbyt mało białka i tłuszczu pochodzenia roślinnego, wapnia, witamin C, B1, B2. Ryzyko niedoboru (umiarkowane i wysokie) było najczęstsze w przypadku następujących witamin oznaczonych w surowicy krwi: witaminy C, folacyny, B1, B2 i B6. W ostatnich latach zaobserwowano tendencję malejącą w częstości występowania ryzyka niedoboru witamin. Równocześnie stwierdzono częstsze występowanie otyłości oraz trend w kierunku większych wartości średnich wysokości ciała. Zaznaczyła się tendencja wzrostu odsetka dzieci z niedokrwistością i późniejsze występowanie menarche u dziewcząt. Obraz nieprawidłowości występujących w żywieniu młodzieży i w ich stanie odżywienia jest złożony, gdyż występują objawy zarówno spowodowane niedoborem, jak i nadmiarem spożycia składników odżywczych. Wyniki badań są dobrą podstawą do sformułowania zaleceń co do pożądanych zmian w żywieniu uczniów.
Toxic effect of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) jointly applied into the soil as a single dose (Me-1) and triple dose (Me-3) on 19 cultivated plant species were compared under pot experiment conditions. A measure of toxic activity of the metals was a decrease in the plant yield as compared to the control object — without their addition to soil. Perennial ryegrass, wheat, oats, maize and hemp proved totally resistant to the applied metals. Buckwheat, sunflower, rape, oil radish, lettuce and beans were little sensitive, whereas phacelia, radish and onion were medium sensitive. In case of serradella, clover as well as spinach, parsley and red beets even a small dose of the metals applied to soil visibly inhibited their growth. Limiting of the above ground plant parts growth as a result of the heavy metals application occured simultaneously with a depression in the yield of their roots.
Acta Agrobotanica
|
1998
|
tom 51
|
nr 1-2
127-137
The aim of this study was to examine effect of boron (B) fertilization of Šampión apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grafted on M.26 rootstock on uptake and distribution of mineral elements. The trees were planted at a distance of 4.0 x 2.5 m on sandy-loam soil with low hot-water extractable B content. The study was carried out in 1994-1996 in Dąbrowice Experimental Station located near Skierniewice. The following treatments were applied: (i) soil B application at a rate of 2g B tree-1 as Bortrac fertilizer (16% B in form of boric acid); (ii) three times leaf B applications before full bloom at a rate of 0,67g B tree 1 at the stage: green and pink bud and beginning of flowering; (iii) three times leaf B applications after bloom at a rate of 0,67g B tree'1. First spraying was applied at petal fall and next two ones at 2-weeks interval; (iv) control - trees unfertilized with B. The measurements included: soil chemical analysis (contents of available phosphorus (P) and boron (B) and exchange potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) and plant analysis (concentrations of N, P. K, Mg, Ca and B in the spur leaves, the leaves from one- year-old shoots and the apple flesh). It was shown that B fertilization had not effect on N uptake and its distribution within apple tree. It was found that soil B application stimulated P uptake which increased concentration of this element in the spur leaves, the leaves from current shoots and the apple flesh. Boron sprayings after bloom increased Ca uptake which rised Ca concentration in studied plant parts. Additionally, leaf B application after bloom reduced plant Mg uptake. As a result of B sprayings after bloom, K concentration was increased in the spur leaves and decreased in the apple flesh. Boron spraying before bloom was less effective in increasing this microelement in plant than leaf B applications after bloom and soil B application.
The aim of present study was to estimate nutrient intake as well as nutritional status of undergraduate female pharmacy students from Bydgoszcz, and to investigate relationship of these factors with type of usual residence place during academic year. The 24-hour recall method was used to evaluate dietary intake of 47 subjects. Measured values of height, body mass and four skinfolds thickness were used for calculation of BMI, FFM, %FM indices. An analysis of nutritional status of studied population showed lower body mass and BMI in the sub-group of female students residing outside of their parent family. Generally, the average energy and macronutrient intake as a percentage of that suggested as appropriate were diminished in both considered sub-groups of accommodation setting. In comparison to the female students living without parents percentage of energy provided by total fat (29,9 %) was significantly less and percentage of energy from carbohydrate was significantly higher (55,4 %) than students who reside with their parents. Elevated intake of phosphorus and retinol accompanied by inadequate intake of riboflavin, calcium, iron and copper was exhibited in both residence-type related sub-groups of investigated female pharmacy students.
The main purpose of this research was to assess the quality and quantity of daily food rations and the intakes of selected nutrients by males aged 30 to 50 years - the Seventh-Day Adventists from the Warsaw assembly. The results of the quality of daily food rations showed that around 97% of food rations of Adventists were composed satisfactorily or adequately. Furthermore, the assessment of the daily intakes of nutrients showed no significant difference from recommended values formulated by National Food and Nutrition Institute in Warsaw. Daily food intakes by the Adventist males closely follow the healthy eating recommendations over daily nutrients intakes of whole population of males in Poland living in cites. Such results are mostly related to low consumption of fats, cholesterol, salt and higher intake of dietary fiber and vitamin C.
Pszenicę ozimą uprawiano w wazonach Mitscherlicha. Pierwszym czynnikiem doświadczenia był nawóz azotowy: saletra amonowa (bez S) i czteromocznikan siarczanu wapnia (zawierający S), a czynnikiem drugim - dawka azotu: 0,8, 1,6 i 2,4 g N·wazon-1. Rośliny zbierano w trzech fazach rozwojowych, oznaczano ich masę oraz wykonano analizy chemiczne na zawartość: N, P, K i S. Stwierdzono, że deficyt siarki spowodował zmiany w metabolizmie pszenicy prowadzące do wzrostu zawartości N, P i K w słomie i ziarnie oraz drastycznie niskiej zawartości siarki. Pomimo tego, zmniejszona, w stosunku do pszenicy zaopatrzonej w siarkę, masa tych roślin, powodowała mniejszą akumulację badanych składników pokarmowych. Wyższe dawki azotu wpływały na wzrost koncentracji makroelementów oraz ich pobrania.
Investigations were carried out in the years 1990-1991 in two regions: on plateau (310 m a.s.l) and in montains (640 m a.s.l.). The dynamics of increase of the dry matter yields and macroelements uptake were evaluated during the growth of first cut. It had been done for two varieties of orchard grass against a background of varying fertilization. It has been found that the rate of macroelements uptake considerable exceeded the increase of dry matter yields. The plants absorbed nitrogen the most intensively, next calcium and the slowest uptake was observed for phosphorus. Its rate of uptake was very close to the increase of dry matter yields.
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