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Children born with a low birth weight (below 2500g) exhibit a slower rate of development, and a greater tendency towards morbidity and mortality, together with a deficit of weight and height. One reason could be an increase in the level of cell elimination by apoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the incidence of apoptotic and necrotic (dead) cells in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from children born with a low birth weight and from children with a normal birth weight. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained by venipuncture (10 ml) and isolated using the density gradient centrifugation method. The lymphocytes were cultured for 48 h in a culture medium containing low concentrations of fetal calf serum. A comparison study was performed between low birth weight children and normal birth weight children and the susceptibility of their lymphocytes to apoptosis and to necrosis in serum-deficient feeding culture conditions. The amount of apoptotic cells and the percentage of dead cells were significantly higher in cultures of lymphocytes obtained from low birth weight children than in cultures from normal birth weight children. The two estimated parameters inversely correlated with the concentration of fetal calf serum in the culture medium. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed increased DNA degradation patterns in the cultures of lymphocytes obtained from low birth weight children. Our results should be perceived as an indication that, under worse feeding conditions, the elimination of cells by apoptosis and by necrosis is significantly higher for lymphocytes of low birth weight children than for those of normal birth weight children. The enhanced elimination of lymphocytes is related to a greater susceptibility to infections, especially of the respiratory tract, as established in the retrospective analysis of the anamneses of the examined group of low birth weight children.
Phomopsis diachenii was isolated from caraway cultivars Konczewicki, firstly in 2006 and next in 2007. Single cultures were obtained from the roots and the stem base of eight six-week-old seedlings and from the stems of two plants with symptoms of necrosis, in the second year of planting. This fungus was isolated from the plant parts superficially disinfected on malt agar medium with an addition 0.01% of streptomycin. The identification of the species was made on PDA medium. The biotic interactions between P. diachenii and S. carvi and other species of phyllosphere fungi of caraway were studied. Interactions among the fungi, i.e. between P. diachenii and one of the fungi representing the studied community, were examined using the biotic series method. The biotic effects of the fungi in dual cultures were evaluated after 10 and 20 days of common growth and were expressed as the individual biotic effect (IBE). It was shown that P. diachenii is a weak competitor because its growth was limited by numerous species of phyllosphere fungi. The obtained results indicated the dominance of biotic activity of P. diachenii over that of S. carvi. It is possible that P. diachenii has a greater ability to survive in the phyllosphere fungal community than S. carvi, causing septoriosis of caraway.
The aim of this study was to analyse the frequency and extent of mechanical damage of tree stems in mountain spruce stands of varying forest cover index and ground slope, without taking into account the technology used in obtaining wood. The study was conducted in 17 spruce stands located in the Sudetes and the Carpathians. In the stands the 1 ha test surfaces were established. The damage on trees with dbh ≥ 18 cm was measured. As a result of the analysis it was found that the most damaged trees grew in the stand with forest cover ratio of 0.7 and 1.0, while taking into account the decline of the area most damage was found in the stands with a slope of 16 to 25°. The study, however, showed no clear relationship between the position of necrosis on tree stems (its size and height) and forest cover and a decrease of the area.
Highly concentrated urine may induce a harmful effect on the urinary bladder. Therefore, we considered osmolarity of the urine as a basic pathomechanism of mucosal damage. The influence of both cyclophosphamide (CYP) and hyperosmolar stimuli (HS) on the urothelium are not well described. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of CYP and HS on rat urothelial cultured cells (RUCC). 15 Wistar rats were used for RUCC preparation. RUCC were exposed to HS (2080 and 3222 mOsm/l NaCl) for 15 min and CYP (1 mg/ml) for 4 hrs. APC-labelled annexin V was used to quantitatively determine the percentage of apoptotic cells and propidium iodide (PI) as a standard flow cytometric viability probe to distinguish necrotic cells from viable ones. Annexin V-APC (+), annexin V-APC and PI (+), and PI (+) cells were analysed as apoptotic, dead, and necrotic cells, respectively. The results were presented in percentage values. The flow cytometric analysis was done on a FACSCalibur Flow Cytometer using Cell-Quest software. Treatment with 2080 and 3222 mOsm/l HS resulted in 23.7 ± 3.9% and 26.0 ± 1.5% apoptotic cells, respectively, 14.3 ± 1.4% and 19.4 ± 2.7% necrotic cells, respectively and 60.5 ± 1.4% and 48.6 ± 5.3% dead cells, respectively. The effect of CYP on RUCC was similar to the effect of HS. After CYP the apoptotic and necrotic cells were 23.1 ± 0.3% and 17.9 ± 7.4%, respectively. The percentage of dead cells was 57.7 ± 10.8%. CYP and HS induced apoptosis and necrosis in RUCC. 3222 mOsm/l HS had the most harmful effect based on the percentage of necrotic and apoptotic cells.
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