The crude extracts of phenolic compounds were obtained from grapevine leaves using 80% acetone and 80% methanol (v/v). The content of total phenolic and condensed tannins was determined using Folin & Ciocalteau’s phenol reagent, vanillin/HCl reagent, and protein precipitation method. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were investigated using the total antioxidant activity (TAA), DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The content of individual phenolic acids was determined using the HPLC method. The content of total phenolics in grapevine leaves and their extracts determined in this study was high (257 mg/g acetone extract and 232 mg/g methanolic extract). The content of condensed tannins in acetone extract was higher than in the methanolic one. Antiradical activity of both extracts against DPPH radical and reducing power were similar and strong. The acetone and methanolic extracts exhibited TAA of 1.37 and 1.44 mmol Trolox/g, respectively. Vitis vinifera leaves extracts were observed to contain gallic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acid. Gallic acid was a dominant phenolic acid. The majority of phenolic acids were found in the form of esters.
The study material consisted of the following fruit beverages: (1) apple, (2) apple-orange-peach, (3) apple-cherry, and (4) apple-chokeberry, produced by Fructo-Maj in Milejów near Lublin. Contents of phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and ability to neutralize free synthetic ABTS and DPPH radicals were determined just after producing and 3 months of storage. Beverage storage had a negative influence on polyphenols content. A decrease of polyphenolic activities resulting from the storage process was reported. The highest antioxidant properties were recorded for apple-chokeberry beverage, the lowest – for apple-orange-peach juice.
A total of 150 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) and 120 one-day-old female Muscovy ducklings were distributed over 15 and 12 pens, respectively. All birds received the same diet during the first period of life. Throughout the second period (36-56 days for broiler chickens and 43-69 days for Muscovy ducks) different source plant extracts were supplemented to the basal diet for each species; dietary treatments were assigned to three pens each. In the chicken (CK) trial the following dry extracts were tested: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) skin (200 mg lycopene kg-1 feed; CK-L200 group), orange (Citrus aurantium) peel (200 mg hesperidin kg-1 feed; CK-O200 group), and green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves (200 mg catechins kg-1 feed; CK-T200 group). For the Muscovy duck (DK) trial the tested extracts were produced from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves (200 mg carnosic acid kg-1 feed; DK-R200 group) and orange (Citrus aurantium) peel (200 mg hesperidin kg-1 feed; DK-O200 group). The effects in both species were compared with those for the unsupplemented diet (CK-C and DK-C) and the diet supplemented with 200 mg of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (CK-E200 and DK-E200). At the end of each trial three birds per pen were slaughtered. Growth performance,pH and meat proximate composition in both species were not affected by dietary treatments. The TBARS value of chicken leg meat from the unsupplemented group was 3.86, while on average in CK-E200, CK-L200 and CK-O200 it was by 60, 55 and 63% lower (P<0.05), whereas in CK-T200 it was by 25% higher (P<0.05). Dietary treatments did not exert any antioxidant effects on chicken breast meat. The TBARS value of duck breast meat and leg meat from the control was 1.39 and 4.51,respectively, while on average in the DK-E200, DK-O200 and DK-R200 groups it was by 82 and 71%, 33 and 46%, and 66 and 47% lower (P<0.05), respectively. The magnitude of the antioxidant action of vegetable dry extract in this trial was lower than that of alpha-tocopheryl acetate.
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is the major antioxidant in plasma, a protein that carries about 95% of the total copper. Multiple biochemical activities of ceruloplasmin have been described, including copper transport or oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) for subsequent uptake by transferrin and ferritin. Reduction of the pool of free Fe(II) ions by Cp prevents the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species by oxidation of Fe(II), thus inhibiting the Haber-Weiss reaction. The removal of both free Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions from blood plasma by polyphenols enhances the antioxidant system of the living organism. However, the mechanism of interactions between exo- and endogenous antioxidants is still under consideration. The effect of raspberry seed extract (RSE) on the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin isolated from plasma of patients with chronic arterial occlusion of the lower limbs due to atherosclerosis (CpAO) was investigated. Moreover, the effect of RSE on the ferroxidase activity of Cp isolated from healthy volunteers (CpC) was also estimated. The ferroxidase activity of Cp, expressed as ΔFe(II), was determined by spectrophotometry with the use of the Fe(II) – histidine complex and ferrozine as a chromogenic reagent. The addition of RSE to samples with the same amount of both CpAO or CpC in each caused an increase in ΔFe(II). The polyphenol-rich RSE may assist Cp in the fight against free radicals and reactive oxygen species when the disease occurs due to an excessive use or reduced production of endogenous antioxidants.
Arnica sp. infusions and tinctures play a great role in the traditional and contemporary medicine. Seeds of plantation-grown Arnica montana L. (AM) and Arnica chamissonis var. foliosa Less. (AC ) are a good source of bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. In both studied genera higher levels of phenolic acids and flavonoids were detected in water extracts. Regardless of plant genus, predominant fractions of phenolics were determined in seeds, comprising chlorogenic, caffeic acid, quercetin and kaempferol. All samples show high antioxidant activity, however, their levels depend on the extraction procedure and used material. The free radicals were scavenged most effectively by extracts of AC seeds (30.3% – SASA, 31.3% – DPPH and 39.8% – ABTS, respectively). It should be noted that lipid peroxidation was strongly inhibited by both studied tinctures. It is noteworthy that studied samples show positive correlations between inhibition of lipid peroxidation ability and total flavonoids and phenolic acids content (r=0.89 and r=0.83, respectively). Results obtained from this study show that Arnica seeds extract, either alone or in combination with other active principles, can be used in cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
The basic parapharmaceuticals in the Polish diet include natural anti-oxidants - bioflavonoids found in berry fruit. They were proven to have the ability to regulate genetic transcription and increase the synthesis of nitric oxide which counteracts dysfunction of the vascular endothelium. They also display anti-oxidant action through the inhibiting effect on cyclooxygenase - COX-2, and increase the level of adiponectin. We have also more and more proof of the important biological role of short-chained fatty acids formed as a result of fermentation of fibre by probiotic bacteria. Through their effects on peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR), butyric and propionic acids may reduce the expression of adhesion molecules and exert anti-inflammatory action both in the gastrointestinal tract as well as systemically.
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