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Fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola hepatica is a hepatic parasitic infection that affects numerous mammal species mainly ruminants, and is still a major veterinary problem in Poland causing huge economic losses in the cattle industry. The economic significance of fasciolosis is mainly due to direct losses caused by decrease in weight gain, milking capacity and the confiscation of altered livers in slaughterhouse. The molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions are still little known. The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the metabolic activity of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes exposed to excretory-secretor products (ESP) of Fasciola hepatica. The metabolic activity of isolated hepatocytes was determined with MTT and enzyme leakage tests. Hepatocytes were incubated with 0-1 mg/ml ES proteins from 2 to 72 hours. It was found that both the concentration and longevity of ESP action may hamper the metabolic activity of hepatocytes. Decrease in the metabolic activity of the cells correlated with an increase in enzyme leakage (ALT, ASPAT and LDH). Moreover, it was found that the level of albumin in the medium gradually decreased after 24 hrs of incubation with EPS, which may have resulted from an alternation of protein synthesis in the cells treated with the liver fluke metabolites. In conclusion, the results of the study indicate that ESP of Fasciola hepatica plays an important role in damaging liver cells of the host during invasions.
Investigations were conducted on the level of fatty acids in the livers of young and old cattle infected with Fasciola hepatica. Group I constituted livers with insignificantly thickened bile ducts; group II - livers with significantly thickened bile ducts, focuses of calcification and parenchymatouse degeneration of the liver; group III - livers with calcified bile ducts, isolated abscesses and lipids degeneration of the liver. Livers without invasion of Fasciola hepatica served as a control group. Sixteen fatty acids were determined in the livers: 5 saturated acids (C14:0, C15:0, C17:0, C18:0, C16:0), 6 essential unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2, C18:3, C20:2, C20:3, C20:4, C22:6), as well as 5 other unsaturated fatty acids (C14:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1, C20:l). Changes in the fatty acid level depended on the age of the investigated cattle. In the livers of young cattle a statistically significant (p< 0.05) increase in the level of the margaroleic acid (C17:1) was observed, while in older cattle there was an increase in the levels of the following acids: palmitic acid (C16:0), myristic acid (C14:0), margaroleic acid (C17:1), as well as a decrease in the levels of stearic acid (C18:0), pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2).
In the period of 8 years (1980—1987) the extensiveness of Liver-fluke invasion was on an average: cattle — 10.9%, elk — 6.39%, stag — 1.28%, roe-deer — 0.41%. In the roe-deer, elk and cattle Liver-fluke was found in all the years of the studies; however, in elk the disease was not found in 1980, 1981 and 1984. From 1984 to 1987 there was observed an increase of the invasion but in cattle only in 1982. In turn, the invasion decreased to 7.8%; however its high level due to E.i. was observed in 1981 and 1982.
Investigations were carried out on 993 cows in 14 breeding farms in 1998-1999. In 871 cows feces from rectum were collected and examined in the laboratory; eggs of Fasciola hepatica were detected in 36, that is 4.13%. The most extensive invasion of fasciolosis was observed in dairy cows from the Myszyniec area (20%) and in farms in the north-east Olsztyn area (8.7-16.7%); the lowest prevalence was observed in the west of the Olsztyn area (2.2-3.3%). In 6 (42.8%) out of 14 investigated farms liver fluke was not observed. The research showed that the significantly decreased extensive invasion of Fasciola hepatica in dairy cows in North-East Poland was not caused by systematic treatment, but was influenced by environmental indicators, mostly from acidity of water, where miracidiums die and snails - intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica - do not develop.
In the years 2006-2009 coproscopic investigations of 1550 horses from central and eastern Poland have been conducted. Flotation, decantation and sedimentation-flotation methods were used. Parasitological autopsies of 950 horse livers were carried out. Fasciolosis was confirmed intra vitam in one live horse (0.07% examined) and in one horse post mortem (0.11%). Despite the fact that the invasion of Fasciola hepatica occurs in Poland sporadically, it should nevertheless be considered in the differential diagnosis of some diseases of horses.
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