Two full copy cDNA sequences encoding chalcone synthase (CHS) were selected from a yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) root and nodule cDNA library, and sequenced. Analysis of their open reading frames gave evidence that both encode the functional enzyme. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic studies on the DNA and protein level of these clones compared to the sequences of chalcone synthases from 54 other plant species reveal the possibility that lupin chalcone synthase is encoded by a multigene family consisting of at least two distinct genes that probably diverged by gene duplication. The duplication event is estimated to have taken place about 16 million years ago.
The paper deals with phylogenetic relationships of recently described Montenegrospeum bogici Pešić et Glöer, 2012 from central Bosnia. The female reproductive system was found to bear two receptacula seminis. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and nuclear 18S rRNA gene partial sequences were used for the maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Morphological and molecular data are congruent: Montenegrospeum does not belong to the Moitessieriidae, and is phylogenetically remote from Bythiospeum; it belongs to the Hydrobiidae, subfamily Sadlerianinae, and its sister taxon is Dalmatinella Radoman, 1973 (bootstrap support 87%).