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Rynek mleka w Polsce został ukształtowany przez wiele procesów. Rozwój marek oraz wzrost znaczenia marketingu miały wpływ na zmiany w produkcji i spożyciu mleka płynnego w Polsce. Przetwórcy mleka, chcąc sprostać wyzwaniom konkurencji muszą różnicować swoją ofertę rynkową i podejmować działania marketingowe.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of pasteurized milk found in retail outlets. The milk was derived from seven different dairies. Eight parameters of milk were the basis of the evaluation of its quality. The parameters included the following: a) physical - temperature of the milk and its density at the retail outlets; b) chemical - acidity, dry non-fatty weight content, fat, protein, lactosis and water; c) hygienic - presence of inhibitory substances. The evaluation was conducted in accordance with the method proposed by Polish Standards. Significant differences were confirmed between the dairies in all the evaluated parameters. This attests to the differing quality of the raw milk from which milk for consumption is subsequently produced. The quality of milk was also compared with standards from the directives of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development that were valid until January 19, 2008, with those directives that were binding at the time of these investigations from August 18, 2004 concerning veterinary requirements for milk and milk products, as well as in the Polish Standards for milk for consumption, PN-A-86003: 1996. It was found that the milk quality of a certain portion of milk that is available for sale is not in accord with the binding directives. It is milk of a higher level of water, not rarely overly acidic, of a lower level of dry non-fatty weight and fat content than claimed, or containing an unacceptable level of inhibitory substances. The obtained results indicate insufficient quality control of the produced milk on the part of the dairies, and that the units monitoring milk sales do not sufficiently care about the conditions in which the milk is stored.
There was assessed the frequency of inhibitory substances present in milk supplied to the milk plant in Olsztyn. There were used three standard microbiological methods and the Penzym test. There were carried out preliminary studies in respect to the sensitivity of microbiological tests used in Poland for the presence of anionic and non-anionic detergents in fresh milk. The findings indicated that the degree of contamination of milk by inhibitory substances was very high (up to 28.7% in winter). In milk produced from such products a several times increase of frequency of inhibitory substances was found compared with that found in fresh milk. Of three microbiological tests used in Poland only two, ie Polutest M and STD could be used to discover surface-active substances in milk. The Biolacta test proved to be of low sensitivity.
Samples of milk were examined for the presence of microbiological contaminations and antibiotic residues and other inhibitory substances. Out of 281 samples under study aerobic bacteria were found in 40 samples and E. coli titers were higher than those which are commonly accepted in 56. The presence of antibiotic residues and other infibitory substances was tested by means of two methods, i.e. Delvotest-SP and Petri dish test produced by Biolacty. In 51 samples inhibitory substances were found by Delvotest but they were not revealed by the Petri dish test. The examinations showed a poor quality of milk and frequent occurrence of antibiotic residues and other inhibitory substances.
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