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86%
Based on data obtained using T4C herd management software from three farms equipped with milking robots, analysis was made of the effect of herd, age of cows, stage of lactation and milk production level on the number of visits to the milking robot and the proportion of different numbers of these visits. GLM and FREQ procedures of the SAS package were used for statistical analysis. The visits ended with 3.0 milkings and 2.6 refusals on average. The number of visits ending with milking decreased with advancing age and lactation, and increased with increasing milk production level. Among primiparous cows, 48% of the cows milked 3 times and 28% of the cows milked 4 times a day. Among multiparas, most cows milked 3 times (39%) and 2 times a day (37%). Most of late lactation cows (56%) milked twice, and in the other groups three times daily milking formed the largest proportion (around 45%). Considerable differences were found in the milking frequency depending on milk production level: among lowest yielding cows (≤ 20 kg milk) as much as 58% milked twice, and among highest yielding cows (≥ 50.1 kg milk) as much as 55% milked four times. The relatively high proportion of 5 refusals among the highest yielding cows (18%) and also among cows until 251 days of lactation (23-33%) should direct breeders’ attention to the proper balancing of diets for these cows.
Despite many genetic and environmental factors, the level of physical activity may be a very good indicator of the physiological (e.g. estrus, approaching parturition) or health status of cows. The aim of this study was to analyse the 24-hour walking activity of lactating cows as related to the milk yielded in particular milkings over two stages of lactation. Used were 41 cows in early lactation (group G1) and 54 cows in late lactation undergoing a gradual decline in milk production (group G2). Activity of animals was measured with activity meters and expressed in Alpro units (AU), version 6.5 by DeLaval. The cows were kept in a loose system in one common building and milked three times a day in a milking parlour. Two hours before morning and evening milking the G2 cows occurred more active than cows G1 (43 and 45 vs. 26 and 31 AU, respectively). From morning to noon milking the G1 cows showed significantly lower activity (33 AU) than G2 cows (40 AU). The highest positive significant correlation coefficients (r) were estimated for G1 cows between milk yield at noon and mean 24-hour activity, mean activity between morning and noon milking, and mean activity associated with partial mixed rations (PMR) intake between evening milking and first (morning) PMR feeding (r = 0.47-0.48). The r coefficients between investigated indicators were generally lower in G2 than in G1 cows.
The experiment was performed on 121 Jersey cows in the years 2003/2004. The aim of this study was to determine the yields of ECM, milk fat and milk protein as well as milk fat content and milk protein content during four successive 305-day lactations as dependent on the genotypes and polymorphic variants of milk proteins. Depending on their genotype, the cows were divided into the following groups: AA, AB, BB and BC. Four major milk proteins were obtained as a result of separation, i.e. LGB, CSN1S1, CSN2 and CSN3. The yields of ECM, milk fat and milk protein increased during four successive 305-day lactations. Cows with the polymorphic fractions LGB AA and AB, CSN1S1 BC, CSN2 AB and CSN3 AA were characterised by the highest productivity. The highest increase in fat content (0.63%) was recorded between the first and second lactation. The LGB AA genotype contributed to an increase in protein concentration, by 0.14%, 0.12% and 0.19% in the second, third and fourth lactation, respectively. In the case of the other fractions these values were as follows: CSN1S1 BC - 0.13%, 0.07% and 0.11% in the second, third and fourth lactation, respectively, CSN2 AA - 0.09%, 0.20%, 0.08% and 0.04% in the first, second, third and fourth lactation, respectively, and CSN3 BB - 0.11%, 0.16% and 0.10% in the second, third and fourth lactation, respectively.
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