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Numerous results on membrane lipid composition from different regions of autopsied Alzheimer's disease brains in comparison with corresponding fractions isolated from control brains revealed significant differences in serine- and ethanolamine-containing glycerophospholipid as well as in glycosphingolipid content. Changes in membrane lipid composition are frequently accompanied by alterations in membrane fluidity, hydrophobic mismatch, lipid signaling pathways, transient formation and disappearance of lipid microdomains, changes in membrane permeability to cations and variations of other membrane properties. In this review we focus on possible implications of altered membrane composition on b-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and on proteolysis of APP leading eventually to the formation of neurotoxic b-amyloid (Ab) peptides, the major proteinaceous component of extracellular senile plaques, directly involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
In the present study, the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was applied to elucidate modulatory effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), sphingosine (SPH), sphingosine-l-phosphate (SPP), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosyl- phosphorylcholine (SPC) on the activity of Kvl.3 channels in human T lymphocytes (TL). Obtained data provide evidence that application of SPC at micromolar concentrations shifts the channel activation midpoint by about 20 mV towards positive membrane potentials. This effect occurs in a concentration-dependent manner and is saturated at SPC concentrations higher than 10 µM. The shift of channel activation midpoint is accompanied by a pronounced slowing of the activation kinetics. The modulatory effect of SPC is clearly voltage-dependent, being most potent at -20 mV and least potent at +60 mV. The steady-state inactivation curve is also shifted by about 20 mV towards positive membrane potentials. The kinetics of channel inactivation and deactivation (closure) remain unaffected upon SPC treatment. In contrast, application of HDL (250 µg/ml), SPH (50 and 100 µM), SPP (10 µM) and LPA (10 and 36 µM) does not exert any modulatory effect on the channel activity. The effect of SPC on Kvl.3 channel gating resembles the effect exerted by extracellular zinc at the concentration of 10 µM. It is concluded that the effect of SPC is specific and may be due to the presence of a choline residue in SPC molecules. The possible mechanism and the physiological significance of this modulatory effect on Kvl.3 channels are discussed.
Investigations were carried out on pollen grains of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) collected from trees at 1.5, 3, 4 km and control, 20 km from the Luboń factory producing mineral fertilisers. The percentage of germination of pollen formed close to the pollution source was ca 20% lower compared to the control pollen. Lowered vitality of the pollen was effected in changes of the structure of cytoplasmic membranes. Pollen from the polluted area contained ca 15% less total phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatytidylinositol and had a lower content of soluble proteins and less of low molecular antioxidants, such as thiols and ascorbic acid. Composition of total fatty acid in phospholipids fractions showed a significant reduction in the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. Pollen originating from the polluted area and stored at -30°C showed considerably stronger degradation of cytoplasmic membranes than control.
This work was undertaken to determine lipids changes in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations growning on polluted stands near a phosphate fertilizer factory in Luboń, and copper smelter in Głogów and in a control area in Kórnik. Needles from polluted areas had a lower content of total phospholipids than samples from the unpolluted site. Greater changes were detected in membranes of needles collected in October and January. In comparison with the control total phospholipid in needles of populations from polluted areas were 14 to 33% lower. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglicerol (PG) were the dominant phospholipids. The analysis of fatty acids in phospholipid fraction showed a decrease of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) contents. The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in needles of three populations from polluted areas was up to 40% lower as compared with the control. Moreover, phospholipids and their fatty acids showed seasonal fluctuations. The contents of PC, PG and PE increased in autumn and in winter, during the process of cold acclimation. In July, current-year needles did not show significant differences in membrane lipid composition between the polluted areas of Scots pine populations. The results suggest that the lipid changes of needles could be associated with disturbances in phohospholipid metabolism, caused by environmental pollution.
On the basis of Gortel & Grendel (J. Exp. Med., 1925, 41, 439-494) discovery, the importance of the lipid bilayer as an integral and indispensible component of the cell membrane is discussed. In particular, attention focuses on the interaction between membranes and amphiphilic substances. The effect on membranes of quaternary ammonium salts, both in the form of pesticides and oxidants as well as organic compounds of tin and lead are discussed in greater detail.
Plant cell nuclear matrix depleted in lipids exhibited approximately 50% lower endonucleolytic activity attributed to 32 kDa nuclease. Supplementation of delipidated matrix with phospholipids, sterols and glycolipids resulted in the recovery of nuclease activity. The extent of recovery is dependent upon the type of lipid used for reconstitution. The most effective (over 97%) in recovery of the nucleolytic activity were PC, PE, DGDG and stigmasterol. Some recovery is also observed when other natural amphiphilic molecules are studied (resorcinolic lipids). Recombinant plant protein 14-3-3 showed ability for direct interaction with lipid monolayers. The interaction was confirmed by analysis of the monolayer collected from the subphase after incubation with protein 14-3-3. Deletion of the 12 kDa N-terminal fragment of the protein 14-3-3 abolished its ability for binding to lipid monolayer. The results suggest that in vivo direct interaction of protein 14-3-3 with nuclear envelope lipids may participate in modulation of the nuclease 32 kDa activity. A postulated model of the interactions is discussed.
For decades the therapeutic properties of psoralens were related to their photo­chemical reactions with DNA and RNA. Such approach, although fruitful in treat­ments, did not explain satisfactorily the way of healing of the multitude of diseases manifested through skin disorders. The new research field presented in our review is directed to another target: the lipid components of the cell. The studies on the photobiology of phospholipids may help to elucidate the phototoxic and pigment inducing activity of psoralens.
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