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Passive aeration co-composting using four mixtures of chicken manure and swine manure at 1:0, 1:1, 3:7 and 0:1 with sawdust and rice husk was carried out to study the effects of co-composting on the physicochemical properties of the organic materials. The experiment, which lasted 66 days, was carried out in bins equipped with inverted T aeration pipes. The results showed that nutrient losses decreased as the proportion of chicken manure in the mixtures decreased for saw dust and rice husk treatments. This indicates better nutrientst conservation during composting in swine than chicken manure. Manure mixtures with rice husk had higher pile temperatures total carbon and total nitrogen losses, while manure mixtures with saw dust had higher total phosphorus loss and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Composts with rice husk demonstrated the ability to reach maturity faster by the rate of drop of the carbon to nitrogen ratio.
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В статье проведен расчет скреперной установки для уборки навоза в условиях беспривязного содержания КРС; проведен анализ ее работы и предложены пути повышения эффективности; согласованы условия работы транспортеров поточной линии удаления навоза из коровника, установлены зависимости периодов включения в работу продольного, поперечного и наклонного транспортеров.
The study was carried out to asses the influence of soil mineral fertilization, manure application and soil liming on changes in the concentration of microelements (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in soil solution. The tests were performed on samples of sandy soil collected from long-term fertilization experiments being conducted on lessive soil of the granulometric structure of clayish sand. Soil solution was prepared with the suction method. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was determined by means of the ICP method. The results showed an increase in Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and a decrease in B and Mo in soil solution when soil was fertilized with nitrogen. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was not significantly influenced when soil was fertilized with phosphorous and potassium. Liming had a significant effect on a decrease in the concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and an increase in B and Mo in soil solution. Soil application of manure significantly increased the concentration of microelements in soil solution.
Nowadays the increasing number of animal enterprising depending on the needs of human population growth and nutrition need that was occurred during the production of animal breeding have revealed the manure issue. Manure from animal barn, when not stored properly, causes environmental problems including odour and visual pollution, and could create environmental pollution problems. On the other hand, random storage of manure on the land outside animal barn as a result of climate parameters such as rainfall results in leakage of manure and can cause contamination of water resources. In Turkey, animal manure obtained from animal barns is almost not utilized and is accumulated outside. Manure which is produced in animal barn to be used for agricultural purposes must be stored in the areas which prevent the spread of in the environment . Thus, the loss of minerals in the soil plant available forms are contained in manure, will be prevented. In addition, due to the nutrients and microorganisms, surface and underground water resources can be a factor in polluting and may create a risk to animal health and environmental pollution. The study has been carried out by determining the 4950 cattle breeding enterprises around the Eğirdir, Beyşehir Burdur and Salda lakes in the Lakes Region. About 50000 cattle are bred in the 4950 cattle breeding enterprises in the study area. However, of these animals 43502 are bred for commercial purposes. When the values in literature are taken into account, the daily manure amount that would be put forth has been calculated as 1500 tons. It has been concluded that animal manure which is the output of animal breeding enterprises will result in environmental pollution, water resource pollution as well as posing a threat to life in general by mixing with water resources such as underground water, lakes etc. when deposited haphazardly in stacks that are not well managed. As a result, we believe that our producers should be well informed regarding manure management prior to experiencing such problems.
Long-term application of fertilizers can change the chemical composition of the soil environment. Our objective has been to determine total amounts of trace elements (Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd and Pb) in the top layer of soil after 34 years of annual applications of organic and mineral fertilizers. The first experiment was set up in 1972 on lessive soil, while the second one was started in 1973 on brown soil. The same crops were grown in both experiments. Bovine manure and slurry were applied in the first experiment, while the other one involved the application of swine manure and slurry. Slurry was applied at two different doses. One dose of slurry was applied together with manure and mineral fertilization in amounts balanced according to nitrogen. The other dose of slurry was determined so that it brought to soil the same amount of organic carbon as introduced with a manure dose. Manure and slurry were also applied in combination with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in amounts equal half the content of these components used delivered through exclusive mineral fertilization. The total metal content was assessed using the atomic absorption spectrometry method, with prior mineralization in a 1:1 mixture of nitric and chloric acid. The application of fertilizers over many years increased the content of trace elements. The actual effect varied between the analyzed soil types, depending also on the type of fertilizer and the dose of slurry. The average content of Cu, Cd and Pb was 13.8% higher in lessive than in brown soil, while the amount Mn was lower by as much as 32.7%. Among the doses balanced with respect to nitrogen, the effect of manure caused an increase in the Mn, Zn and Ni content in lessive soil, as well as Cu and Pb in brown soil compared to the application of the slurry dose balanced with manure according toorganic carbon. Mineral fertilizers did not increase the content of the analyzed metals as much as manure, with the exception of Cu and Pb in lessive soil and Ni in brown soil.
In a two-year study, manure, sewage sludge and MSW compost were applied to greenhouse soil. A tomato plant was grown. Soil samples were collected after harvest and total and DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd contents of greenhouse soil were determined. Sludge and MSW compost used in a 2-year period increased both total and DTPA-extractable concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb in the greenhouse soil. Cd increase was detected only in “total” form in the second year, by sewage sludge and MSW compost treatments. Bioavailable Cd content of soil was found below the detection limit in all treatments. The amount of bioavailable metals in the greenhouse soil were significantly high for the sewage sludge and MSW compost treatments, almost including a 9-, 6- and 3-fold increase in Zn, Cu and Pb, respectively. Total and bioavailable metal contents of soil in sewage sludge and MSW compost applications were higher in comparison with manure application. In sewage sludge and MSW compost treatments, “total” concentrations of all metals were found below pollutant limits, but the increase in available fractions was more marked than those of total concentrations.
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