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The aim of the study was to identify prognostic factors that would differentiate patients with interstitial lung disease between those with and without a chance to survive until lung transplantation. A retrospective study was performed in patients with interstitial lung disease referred for lung transplantation between September 1999 and April 2005. The analysis included the demographic data, the time from referral to transplantation, the functional tests (FVC, FEV1, FEV1%VC, the PaO2 at rest and after oxygen supplementation via a nasal catheter), the count of NYHA functional classes, the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), the distance covered during a 6-min walk test, and the pathogens in the respiratory tract. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 - lung transplant candidates who survived until the successful procedure and Group 2 - lung transplant candidates who died while on the waiting list. There were statistical differences between the two groups in PaO2 after supplementation (P=0.005), EF (P=0.002), and the 6-min walk distance (P=0.001). It appears that simple functional tests of the cardiorespiratory system may define survival of patients with interstitial lung disease waiting for lung transplantation.
In 20 patients with chronic form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) pulmonary function tests (FEV1, FVC, DCO) and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans were obtained. Extent of pathological changes, i.e. nodularity, lines, honeycombing but not ground-glass estimated by HRCT and expressed as a score correlated significantly with lung function abnormalities.
 Neutrophils are cells of the immune system which freely circulate in blood vessels and are recruited to the inflammation sites when the human organism responds to microbial infections. One of the mechanisms of neutrophil action is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) The process of NET generation, called netosis, is a specific type of cell death, different from necrosis and apoptosis. NETs are formed by neutrophils upon contact with various bacteria or fungi as well as with activated platelets or under the influence of numerous inflammatory stimuli, and this process is associated with dramatic changes in the morphology of the cells. The main components of NETs, DNA and granular antimicrobial proteins, determine their antimicrobial properties. The pathogens trapped in NETs are killed by oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms. On the other hand, it was also discovered that chromatin and proteases released into the circulatory system during NET formation can regulate procoagulant and prothrombotic factors and take part in clot formation in blood vessels. NETs have also been detected in lungs where they are involved in chronic inflammation processes in ALI/ARDS patients. Moreover, DNA-proteins complexes have been found in the airway fluids of cystic fibrosis patients where they can increase the viscosity of the sputum and have a negative impact on the lung functions. The DNA-complexed granular proteins and other proteins released by neutrophils during netosis lead to autoimmunity syndromes such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), small-vessel vasculitis (SVV) or autoimmune diseases associated with the formation of autoantibodies against chromatin and neutrophil components. A possible involvement of NETs in metastasis is also considered.
Re-evaluation of our earlier c-Fos-like immuno-reactive studies and brainstem transection/lesion experiments in over 40 anaesthetized, non-paralyzed cats allowed comparison of two distinct airway defensive reflexes with the distinct generators for inspiration (I) and expiration (E), described recently in juvenile rats. The spiration reflex (AspR) is characterized by solitary rapid and strong inspiratory effort with a reciprocal inhibition, preventing a subsequent active expiration, while the expiration reflex (ExpR) manifests by rapid and strong expiratory effort, starting without a preceding, inspiration, or reciprocal inhibition of occasional spontaneous inspiration. The retro-trapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group neurones described as the distinct generator for active E in rats, are activated also during the ExpR in adult cats. Brainstem transection 5 mm above the obex eliminates the E generator and the ExpR, but preserves the I generator located in the pre-Bötzinger Complex, and also the AspR. This suggests the existence of a distinct I generator in cats as well as rats, and its contribution to the generation of the AspR. Persistence of the AspR in adult cats during asphyxic gasping, their similar character and the strong activation of I neurones at many places in the medulla and pons, suggest a common brainstem neuronal circuit contributing to generation of both the gasping and the gasp-like AspR. That the AspR and ExpR have distinct multilevel brainstem control mechanisms supports the dual theory of control and provides unique models for testing respiratory rhythm and pattern generation. The AspR may be compared with the powerful "auto-resuscitation effects of asphyxic gasping"; the ExpR may underly the effectiveness of the laryngeal chemoreflexes in prevention of lung diseases.
One third of the earth's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but only 5-10% of the infected individuals will develop active disease over their lifetime. To identify the genes responsible for the variation in the human susceptibility/resistance to tuberculosis (TB) we determined the polymorphisms of three genes crucial for the function of macrophages, in TB patients and healthy controls with no past history of TB. We found no association between the polymorphisms of the NRAMP-INT4, MBL (codons 52, 54, 57) and CD14-159 genes and TB in a Caucasian Polish population. However, we have suggested a possible involvement of CD14 and MBL molecules in the host-mycobacteria interactions on the basis of the significant increase in the serum CD14 and MBL in TB patients compared to healthy controls.
Salting is a traditional, empirical practice used commonly in dairy farming regions to prevent moulding and heating in hay. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of salting hay on the proliferation of microorganisms, particularly thermophilic actinomycetes and moulds involved in farmer's lung disease. Fifty-one pairs of salted and unsalted hay bales from 14 farms were produced during the haymaking season between March and July. Both the salted and the unsalted bales came from the same field, and were packed and stored under identical conditions. Sampling was performed by microbiological analysis including 6 culture media during the winter following salting (January-February). The use of salt did not significantly decrease the amount of Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula , the actinomycetes most commonly involved in farmer's lung disease, or that of Absidia corymbifera, Eurotium amstelodami and Wallemia sebi, three moulds responsible for farmer's lung disease in eastern France. Our results are important in that they can inform farmers and dispel the false sense of security induced by salting, which is reinforced by the misconception that palatable hay is healthy hay.
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Diacetyl exposure as a pneumotoxic factor: a review

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ABSTRACT Diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) is a natural ingredient in foodstuffs which is not generally regarded health risk to consumers. Nevertheless, when manufactured for use as a synthetic flavouring/additive in processed foods (e.g. microwave popcorn), it poses a human health threat at the workplace. Its pneumotoxic action consists of inflammation, obstruction and restriction in the distal respiratory tract. One of the factors causing bronchiolitis obliterans is also recognised to be diacetyl. The scientific literature mostly describes human exposure to diacetyl in factory settings where functional disorders and structural changes of the respiratory system have been recorded, particularly bronchiolitis obliterans. Moreover, differential diagnosis shows pathological changes in the distal respiratory tract and in the pneumotoxic actions of diacetyl.
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