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The purpose of this article is to present the most essential aspects of minimal wage institution functioning in the current international law, as well as to conduct an analysis of several selected legal end economic issues connected with the amount of remuneration payed to employees and its minimum rate. They seem significant in connection to political events that are nowadays taking place in some European countries. The key legal acts issued by s ubmitted by ILO will be analyzed, while special attention will be placed on the provisions of the Convention because of their particular status in the International Labor Organization’s legal acts’ system. What is more, the conclusions regarding this issue in the economic context will be drawn. It will allow for the explanation of this issue based not only on economic policy considerations, but also one which is closely connected with current state of international law.
The article defines the phenomenon of public discussion and its place in democratic practices of public life. It presents various types of public discussion which are useful at spatial planning. The history of Polish legal regulations as regards the function and place of public discussion in spatial planning has been analyzed. The article contains conclusions proposing the necessary improvements of the provisions regulating the use of public discussions in spatial planning.
Idea zachowania bezpieczeństwa żywności „od pola do stołu" jest w Polsce znana od kilkunastu lat. Pełna jej realizacja nie zawsze jest możliwa, chociaż na przestrzeni ostatnich 10 lat wiele zmieniło się na korzyść. Pewne trudności wynikają m.in. z rozdrobnionej struktury rolnictwa, jego niedoinwestowania jak też niskiego stopnia edukacji części producentów płodów rolnych. Również niektóre branże przemysłu rolno-spożywczego wymagają znacznych inwestycji. Nadzór nad produkcją, przetwórstwem i obrotem żywności w Polsce, a w szczególności nad jej jakością opiera się na działaniu dwu podstawowych systemów kontroli, tj. na systemie kontroli wewnętrznej, prowadzonym w zakładzie, a więc zależnym od producenta. System ten w wielu już zakładach opiera się na zasadach Dobrej Praktyki Produkcyjnej (GMP), a obecnie w coraz większym stopniu na systemach: zapewnienia jakości zgodnie z normami ISO serii 9000 oraz Analizy Zagrożeń i Krytycznych Punktów Kontroli (HACCP), a także na kontroli zewnętrznej, niezależnej od producenta, sprawowanej przez wyspecjalizowane służby kontroli państwowej. Obecnie prowadzone są działania zmierzające do uporządkowania systemu urzędowej kontroli żywności w Polsce, które powinny doprowadzić do merytorycznej integracji tych służb. Należy także dążyć do wdrożenia systemów zapewniania jakości we wszystkich zakładach produkujących żywność oraz poszerzenie monitoringu jakości zdrowotnej żywności w zakresie wybranych zanieczyszczeń stwarzających ryzyko zagrożenia zdrowia, równolegle z monitoringiem jakości zdrowotnej racji pokarmowych, oraz obecności tych substancji w płynach ustrojowych, który powinien dać pełne rozeznanie na temat jakości zdrowotnej żywności.
Main problem of farming as well as rural areas in Slovakia is the extreme disintegration of agriculture land ownership, which is the serious problem complicating the transformation of the society. There are about 9.6 million plots of land registered in Slovakia. An average plot reaches an area of about 0.45 ha and is owned by 12 to 15 people. The consequences of disintegration and the resulting problems have been reflected in the farming. If a lease or sale is agreed, it has to be agreed with a large number of people, requiring a costly search for the owners. To overcome these problems a new law was adopted which simplified the identification of the owners and their lands, supporting at the same time the idea of fusion and concentration of these lands. This law introduced a simplified procedure for the identification of ownership rights holders.
Background. In order to improve the quality of nutrition in care and educational institutions, in year 2015 a restrictive law regulation was introduced. The following year this regulation was withdrawn, and a new legal policy has been introduced. However, data on the impact of these legislations on nutrition in kindergartens are lacking. Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the compliance with mandatory nutrition recommendations in preschools. Material and methods. The study included 706 institutions. Data were collected during the periods when two consecutive Regulation of the Minister of Health were in force (I - 01.09.2015 - 31.08. 2016 and II - 01.09.2016 to 30.05.2017). Data were obtained by face-to-face interviews with staff with a validated questionnaire. Parameters characterizing the quality of nutrition were analyzed with focus on compliance with legal regulations. 706 decade’s menus and 7060 daily inventory reports were analyzed to verify information on vegetables and fruit supply, frequency of frying and type of fat used, sweetening and salting practices. Statistical significances were determined in Statistica 13.1 with t-Student and Chi2 tests (p< 0.05). Results. The preschools have implemented regulations concerning the supply of fresh fruit and vegetables (~93%), the amount of fried dish per week (~75%), and the use of suitable frying fat (~95%). About half of institutions managed to serve vegetables and/or fruits in every meal. Compliance with the regulations on sweetening and salting was unsatisfactory: about ¼ of institutions used banned sugar, and 46% regular salt. Conclusions. Legislations influenced nutrition practices in preschools, but additional support is needed to bring all institutions into compliance with the current policies. The current law regulations are general, and allow a great flexibility in planning menus, which might has an adverse effect on menus quality. Therefore, nutrition education and more detailed mandatory nutrition standards for kindergartens are crucial.
An aim of the article is to assess the state of regulation of the relations between business partners in the FMCG distribution channels and an attempt to answer the question whether it is possible to work out in the EU countries a compromise among the supply chain participants, i.e. a joint adoption of good practices and abstention from improper actions or rather there will be necessary to introduce a uniform, restrictive legal act. The scope of analysis covered the relations between sales networks and FMCG suppliers. The article was prepared on the basis of the literature on relations between enterprises in distribution channels as well as materials of the European Economic and Social Committee; EESC. The description and analysis of the phenomena and processes occurring in relations between entities of the FMCG supply chain comprised irregularities occurring in the contacts between goods deliverers and commercial enterprises as well as the existing and proposed in this respect solutions. As important there is considered the information and education aspect of this article.
Family-owned farms constitute a fundamental unit of Polish agricultural structure. However, it is necessary to improve the area structure of Polish agriculture. It is supposed to be achieved with the help of the Agricultural Structure Management Act of 11.04.2003 which introduces certain restrictions in agricultural real-property trade. The responsibilities include a duty to inform the Agricultural Property Agency on concluding contracts of right transfer of these real-properties. The Agency has the right to dissolve the contract and purchase the agricultural real-property for the Treasury paying less for the property than its value estimated by the contracting parties.
In order to enable migration of plants and animals between various distant ecosystems, it is necessary to maintain ecological corridors between them. Spatial planning, especially that on the local level where spatial shaping methods are directly regulated, plays an important role here.
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