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Piscicola brylinskae n. sp. is described from the lake Vechten in the village of Bunnik (Prov. Utrecht), The Netherlands. The characteristic features of this leeches allow to conclude that this species is a member of the subfamily Piscicolinae, probably a parasite of fish.
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Hirudotherapy in veterinary medicine

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The saliva of medicinal leeches, e.g., Hirudo medicinalis and Hirudo verbana commonly used in hirudotherapy, contains more than 100 bioactive substances with various therapeutic effects, including anticoagulant, vasodilator, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory and anaesthetic properties. Recently, leeches have been used very successfully in veterinary medicine to treat many diseases of animals, especially dogs, cats and horses. The most common indications for the use of leeches are hip and elbow dysplasia, acute and chronic arthritis, diseases associated with inflammation of tendons, ligaments, and fascia, diseases of the vertebrae and the treatment of scars. Leech therapy is a painless procedure which takes an average of 30 to 120 minutes, the time being dependent on the size of the animal. All leeches used in medical procedures should originate only from certified biofarms. The maintenance of sterile conditions for the culture, transport and storage of medical leeches is very important to protect animals from microbial infections. Hirudotherapy is successfully used in veterinary medicine, especially when traditional treatment is not effective, the effects of treatment are too slow, or after surgery, when the tissues may be threatened by venous congestion.
Placobdella costata is a leech specific to freshwater turtle Emys orbicularis. Both genera are native to North America and have co-evolved and undergone dispersion through the Palearctic. The leech is present throughout the Mediterranean area, always associated with E. orbicularis. Their only known presence in the Iberian Peninsula is in the north and center of the peninsula. Here we present the first description of the leech in southern Spain (Andalusia) in association with a small fragmented population of fresh-water turtles in which E. orbicularis and Mauremys leprosa coexist. Unusually, the leech was found attached to the carapace of a male M. leprosa.
The investigations were carried out in post-exploitation water bodies (subsidence pools, sand- and gravel pits) situated in urbanised and over-industrialised region of Upper Silesia. The least diversified leech (Hirudinea) communities occured in subsidence pools, because of the very high concentration of chlorides, sulphates and phosphates in their water, which is moreover very hard and of high BOD5 value. In other kinds of studied water bodies greater leech species diversity was observed. Most of the species found in studied water bodies occur commonly in various freshwater habitats, what may point out the lack of peculiarity of leech communities in these unnatural conditions.
Certain features of leeches make them potentially very useful in the biological assessment of freshwaters as bio-indicators of water pollution, especially in moderately polluted lowland watercourses. The main aim of the study was to test their usefulness as indicators of the level of habitat degradation. The composition of leech samples and the main abiotic parameters in water samples, which had been taken simultaneously in six lowland streams of north-eastern Poland and the relations between them were investigated. Multivariate methods of data analysis were used to test if particular leech species or the taxonomic composition of assemblages thereof could be useful in predicting the assessed quality of the environment. The greatest difficulty with analysis of the results is to separate the effect of the stream (site specifics) from the effect of environmental quality, expressed as Cumulative Index of Environmental Quality (CIEQ). An important result of this study is the highly consistent prediction of the level of water pollution to be attained on the basis of leech taxonomic composition using Discriminant Function Analysis. Some common leech species were found to be good, positive or negative indicators of pollution level. The classifications of Glossiphonia complanata and Erpobdella octoculata as negative bio-indicators corroborates the conclusions of numerous previous studies, in contrast with the indicative value of Helobdella stagnalis, shown previously to be rather a negative indicator. It would seem to be necessary, for biomonitoring purposes, to identify detailly the leeches of such ecologically different families as Glossiphonidae and Erpobdellidae.
Alloglossidium demshini sp. nov. is described based on specimens from leeches Haemopis grandis collected in northwestern Minnesota. The new species is morphologically closest to Alloglossidium schmidti. The two species can be readily differentiated based on several morphological characters. The cirrus sac in A. schmidti is almost entirely situated anterior to the ventral sucker while in A. demshini sp. nov. it is situated dorsal to the ventral sucker and its proximal end almost reaches the posterior end of ventral sucker or extends posterior to it. The new species has a prepharynx that is substantially longer than the esophagus while in A. schmidti the situation is the opposite. The two species also differ in the position of the ovary and the position of the testes and vitelline fields in relation to the ends of the ceca. Hirudineatrema oschmarini described from leeches in Eastern Palaearctic and Alloglossidium richardsoni described in North America demonstrate great morphological similarity. Nevertheless, Hirudineatrema cannot be synonymized with Alloglossidium at this point because of several peculiar morphological features of H. oschmarini such as a V-shaped excretory bladder and the apparent presence of a true seminal receptacle in the latter species. These features need to be re-evaluated before any taxonomic decision can be made.
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