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This paper presents the results of a study on the influence of lead (Pb2+) on DNA integrity on plant cells. The study was performed on the root tips of lupin (Lupinus luteus cv. Juno) seedlings treated with two selected concentrations of Pb(NO3)2: 150 and 350 mg l-1, which were found to inhibit root growth by 50% and 70%, respectively [Ruciłska et al. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 37 (1999) 37187-37194]. Roots exposed to those external lead concentrations took up about 50 and 70 mg l-1 Pb2+ g-1 fresh weight (FW) over 48 h of incubation. A dose-dependent increase in the degree of root injury was observed in the presence of both tested concentrations. The genotoxicity of lead in lupin root cells was analysed using a mild alkaline comet assay at pH 12.3, which allows the detection of single strand breaks. The quantity of the DNA fragments migrating away from the nuclear remnant (tail area) increased proportionally to the lead content inside the roots, and was positively correlated with the degree of root injury. At 150 mg l-1 Pb2+, a high frequency distribution of nuclei having large values of tail lengths and moments was observed. By contrast, the number of nuclei with minimum values of these parameters increased at 350 mg l-1 Pb2+. This data suggests that lead at low concentrations induces the formation of short, rapidly migrating DNA fragments, whereas at higher concentrations, lead probably causes other changes to DNA that result in slower DNA migration in the electric field.
The aim of the study was to estimate beneficial effects of L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, on antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, ceruloplasmine), the lipid peroxidation processes level and parameters of membrane erythrocytes resistance before and after lead intoxication in rats with different resistance to hypoxia. Our results suggest that the antioxidant system enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation processes level in animals which differ in sensitiveness to hypoxia, are higher in animals with low resistance to hypoxia in the control group. We have shown that the amino acid, L-arginine, is an efficient antioxidant capable of reducing the level of lipid peroxidation processes in blood of lead-preexposed rats. L-arginine treatment under lead intoxication caused alteration in antioxidant enzymes activity due to increasing the enzymes activity of glutathione system, especially in animals with low resistance to hypoxia. The influence of L-arginine under lead intoxication was investigated to ascertain whether this amino acid possesses antioxidant properties before lead injection (preventive effect) and whether L-arginine has therapeutic effects by treatment after lead intoxication. We have shown a significant protective effect of L-arginine under treatment with a preventive effect before lead intoxication. These studies suggest that L-arginine may be a useful drug in treatment under lead intoxication.
The distribution of lead in root tips of Dianthus carthusianorum was compared in populations from a zinc-lead waste heap in Bolesław near Olkusz and from a natural stand in the Botanical Garden in Lublin. The analyses were made at two developmental stages: seedlings (after 8 days of incubation in 5 mg/dm3 Pb+2 from PbCl2 in 1/8 Knop medium) and mature plants (after 23 days of incubation in 10 mg/dm3 Pb+2 from PbCl2 in 1/2 Knop medium). Histochemical methods (rhodizonate and dithizonate) of lead detection revealed significant accumulation of this metal on the root surface of the examined plants. The site of next-strongest lead accumulation in root tips of plants from both populations was in cell walls of the pericycle. The layer of meristematic pericycle cells seemed to be a strong barrier against penetration of lead to the deepest cells of the procambium. Histochemical methods and tissue sections revealed no differences in lead distribution between root tips from the waste heap and from the natural population, but differences were detected on the ultrastructural level. There were numerous lead deposits in the cytoplasm of cells from ground meristem in the natural population, and none in specimens from the waste heap, indicating that lead had a higher toxic effect on the natural population of D. carthusianorum.
This study was conducted to investigate toxic effects of Pb on growth and nutrient uptake in Black gram. Black gram was subjected to seven (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 & 200 kg-1) levels of lead. Due to Pb toxicity, plant growth was adversely affected and relatively a severe reduction in root biomass was recorded. The Pb accumulation increased with the increase in lead concentrations. The uptake of different nutrients, i.e., N, P, K, Ca and Mg was reduced in black gram due to the lead treatment.
The effects of magnesium on the genotoxicity of cadmium chloride and lead acetate were investigated. The DNA repair as the genotoxicity test was determined in cultured sheep lymphocytes treated with the heavy metals in combination with UV-induced DNA damage. Excision repair was performed by incorporation of [³H]-thymidine into DNA of lymphocytes synchronised with hydroxyurea in G₁/S phase. The results show that DNA repair was strongly affected by cadmium (Il) but only slightly in cells treated with lead, indicating rather mitogenic properties. Repair inhibition made by cadmium was restored after treatment of lymphocyte cultures with 0.4 mM. of magnesium chloride for six hours. In conclusion, genotoxicity of Cd or Pb to lymphocytic DNA was markedly decreased by the presence of Mg in culture media.
Lead levels in cord blood (PbB) of 92 neonates living in the town of Chorzów (Upper Silesia) have been determined. The mean PbB concentration was 5.29mg/dl (SD= 2.24) in the all investigated groups.The mean Pb-CB was higher in preterm babies (x= 6.87mg/dl, SD=1.67 ), especially in boys. Pb-CB concentrations were higher in the neonates born to mothers aged more than 30 years, smoking before and during pregnancy, having bad living conditions, living close to gasoline station.
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