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This paper deals with fish sperm cryopreservation techniques emphasizing the contribution of Polish science in this field in the past decade. Useful aspects of this biotechnology both in commercial applications for fish hatcheries, as well as in the protection of endangered species, are presented. Stages of the cryopreservation procedure are described together with aspects of sperm collection and spermatozoa physiology of freshwater euteleosts and sturgeons. Details of sperm quality evaluation and their purpose in sperm deep freezing are discussed. Design criteria concerning choice of diluents and cryoprotectants as well as dilution ratios and storage methods are described. The use of thawed sperm for ova fertilization together with thawing conditions and procedures with regards to the storage method are explained. Prospects for biochemical methods of sperm quality evaluation, especially emphasizing their usefulness in predicting the effects of fish sperm freezing/thawing procedures are also introduced.
This review presents evolution and current possibilities, state of knowledge and prospects for cryopreservation of pig embryos. In the early stages the development of this technology for use in the international pig industry was slow. Initially freezing technologies utilized the stepwise method to cryopreserve swine embryos. Conventional freezing methods will not work for pigs embryos, which are extremely sensitive to slow cooling below temperatures of approximately 15°C, since, as they cool, they undergo physiological and structural changes that leave them incapable of normal development. Using a rapid cooling processes – vitrification - is thought to outpace the damaging effects of slow cooling. It allows for an increase of the cryopreserved pig embryo survival rate to more than 80% in the laboratory. At present, vitrification is regarded as an alternative to traditional slow freezing procedures which do not offer satisfactory results for the cryopreservation of porcine embryos. Recently a novel approach consisting of a minimum sample size, increased cooling rate from 2500 C/min to 20.000 C/min, and the use propyleno and ethyleno glicol in the vitrification solution have been effective for crypreservation of pig embryos. Many factors such as the stage of embryonic development, cryoprotectant toxicity, the composition of vitryfication solution, cooling and warming rates can influence the survival of pig emryos after vitrification. Peri-hatching and hatched blastocysts tolerate slow freezing without special pretreatment, while morula and early blastocysts do not survive this cryopreservation procedure. Vitrification results in higher survival rates after warming when untreated early-to-hatched-blastocysts-stage embryos are used. An increase in cooling rate decreases sensitivity to slow freezing and may permit a reduction of cryoprotectant concentration.
Cryopreservation of red deer sperm is essential for establishing the biodiversity of this species. The aim of the study was to test four extenders and two freezing methods on the cryosurvival of red deer spermatozoa. Semen collected with an artificial vagina from 4 stags was diluted with compared extenders: A (citrate- -fructose-egg yolk-glicerol), B (Tris-fructose-citric acid-egg yolk-glicerol), C (Triladyl® with egg yolk) and D (Bioxcell®). Sperm, loaded into 0.25 ml straws, was frozen in nitrogen vapor (method L) and in the Minicool 40 PC (method M) cryogenic unit. After thawing the motility of spermatozoa was evaluated subjectively. Viability was assessed using nigrosin-eosin (N-E test), SYBR-14 with propidium iodide (L/D test) and hypoosmotic swelling test (test HOS) to detect membrane integrity. The best post-thaw motility was obtained with the use of extender D (43.0 ± 14.2%). Similarly, more viable spermatozoa (p < 0.05) at N-E and L/D tests (42.4 ± 11.3% and 39.9 ± 14.0% respectively) were preserved in extender D. The lowest results in those tests were received in extender A. The percentage of HOST-responsive spermatozoa was higher (p < 0.05) in method M than in L (19.8 ± 9.8 % vs 14.3 ± 7.6 %), independently of the utilized extenders. In conclusion, the use of extender D in combination with freezing method M significantly improved freezability of red deer spermatozoa.
Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (–196°C, LN) is the method of long−term conservation of plant tissues, which has been evolving for many of seed of woody plant species. During cryopreservation protocol to LN in plant cells take place the supercooling tissue water or vitrification, which allows the successful storage. Water content was a significant determining factor with survival of cryostored embryonic axes of woody plants. The protocols of cryopreservation include some steps during preparation of plant material, which could be a source of oxidative stress, phase transition of membranes and destruction in cells.
The objectives of this study were: sperm cryopreservation, computer assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA) and improvement of sperm motility through in vitro incubation of rainbow trout neomale spermatozoa. In vitro incubation of sperm in ASP (Artificial Seminal Plasma) solution resulted in an increase of the percentage of motile spermatozoa, while other sperm motility characteristics remained unchanged. The highest hatching rates were obtained for sperm cryopreserved in straws (16.3% and 25.0%): cryopreservation in pellets was less successful (7.7% and 3.8%), for non-incubated and incubated sperm, respectively. There were significant regressions between hatching rates and straight-line velocity (VSL; R² = 0.75) and average path velocity (VAP; R² = 0.74) for sperm preincubated in ASP and cryopreserved in straws. These data indicate that sperm of rainbow trout neomales may be successfully cryopreserved and CASA analysis is useful for the prediction of fertilizing ability of cryopreserved sperm.
Cryopreservation (storage in liquid nitrogen, –196°C) is a technique that ensures safe, long−term conservation of plant species with recalcitrant seeds, vegetatively propagated species and biotechnology products such as somatic embryos, cell lines and genetically transformed material. The aim of cryostorage is to keep plant tissue in a safe way, which does not cause changes during storage at neither phenotypic, cytological and histological, biochemical, genetic nor epigenetic level. Therefore, before cryostorage will be applied for long−term preservation it should be thoroughly assess if it does not cause any injuries in plant material.
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Cryopreservation is a method of storage of biological material at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (–196°C, LN). The main advantage of this method is the possibility to store viable cells for a long time. Desiccation and freezing sensitivity of seeds, their fragments or other plant organs, which are useful as genetic resources, should be investigated before cryopreservation.
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