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The aim of the study was the microbiological quality assessment of feed materials produced and used in animal feeding in Poland. Examinations were conducted in all regional laboratories dealing with animal feedstuff testing. Prevalence of Salmonella sp. and Clostridium sp. were assessed, as well as mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and fungi counts. The following materials were examined: 9 389 samples in the year 2003, 5 716 samples in 2004, 4 490 samples in 2005 and 6 905 samples feed materials in 2006. Assays were done following Polish standards harmonized with European standards and/or international (ISO) standards. Most often Salmonella sp. were detected in extracted oil seed meal samples, and the percentage of positive samples, depending on the examined materials, ranged from 1.5 to 7.7. The number of Enterobacteriaceae in most of the examined meat and bone meal samples did not exceed 10 cfu/g, and in oil seed meals 100 cfu/g. The highest level of contamination by Enterobacteriaceae confirmed in plant feed materials reached the level 10⁴ cfu/g. The most often confirmed level of contamination by aerobic bacteria ranged from 10² to 10⁶ cfu/g. In the mycological studies performed more than 10⁵ fungi per gram were detected in 0.8% of oil seed meal samples and more than 2% of cereal samples. The highest level of contamination by aerobic bacteria and fungi were detected in the cereal samples examined. Most examined feed material samples showed Clostridium sp. presence in titre from 0.01 to less than 0.1. Clostridium species occurred in meat and bone meal samples more often than in oil seed meal and cereal samples. The results obtained indicate an urgent need for the verification of previous microbiological criteria established for feed materials.
As a result of the interactions between pathogens and birds’ bodies, in the course of the evolution the selection of features took place which currently successfully limits the range of the microbes’ virulence. Therefore eggs possess their own natural defense mechanisms which prevent bacterial and fungal infections and migrations to the yolk sphere. Their work is connected with the laminar construction of eggs (physical barriers) and enzymatic activity of the white’s components. Undisturbed physiology and properly controlled and steered breeding-technological interactions (the origin of contents, modernized state of chicken farming, turnover, conditions of storage, processing and pasteurization) guarantee high a quality and microbiological safeness of eggs and products made with their input.
There is a good deal of evidence indicating the participation of the feed→animal→human chain in evoking food borne diseases. With regards to this, the aim of the study was the microbiological quality assessment of compound feedstuffs used in Poland. Examinations were conducted in all regional laboratories dealing with feed tests. The occurrence of Salmonella sp. and Clostridium sp. and mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and fungi counts were assessed. The following were examined: 7566 samples of compound feedstuffs in 2003 year, 8539 samples in 2004, 6915 samples in 2005 and 8819 samples in 2006. Assays were conducted following Polish, European and international standards. The percentage of contaminated compound feedstuffs by Salmonella sp. ranged from 0% to 1.8%. The highest contamination level by Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were detected in feeds for poultry and swine. The highest contamination level by mesophilic aerobic bacteria were found in feeds for poultry, while by fungi were found in feeds for swine and cattle. Clostridium sp. presence were most often confirmed in feeds for swine. The obtained results have shown that the microbiological quality of feeds used in Poland improved during last years and without additional operations decreasing microbiological contamination, the following criteria are currently possible to obtain: mesophilic aerobic bacteria count - 10⁶ cfu/g, fungi count - 10⁵ cfu/g, Enterobacteriaceae count - 10⁵ cfu/g, Clostridium sp. titre - 0.001.
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