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Present work describes possibilities of recycling wastes from baking industry in production of bioethanol. It was presented that along with development of baking industry amounts of bread waste, of low value for reprocessing in food industry, is increasing. These wastes could be processed for production of ethanol fuel as a cheap alternative to traditional crop raw materials. Reasons of waste formation in bakeries, changes in flour ingredients during baking and its influence on mash composition are describe along with latest achievements in production of ethanol from residual bread.
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The present paper discusses the role of earthworms in recycling of sugar industrial wastes. The wastes generated from sugar industry are pressmud, bagasse, bagasse fly ash, sugar cane trash, sugar beet mud, sugar beet pulp, molasses etc. These wastes when mixed with other organic substrates become ideal mixtures for growth of earthworms. These wastes if stored in open field’s causes contamination in the environment and may cause several diseases in public health. But the governments have been unable to tackle the menace of solid waste pollution due to dearth of appropriate technologies, finance and space. Therefore, environment friendly and cost effective technologies for nutrient recycling or remediation of wastes are being advocated as an alternative means for conserving and replenishing natural resources of the ecosystems. Vermicomposting is one such technology that synergises microbial degradation with earthworm’s activity for reducing, reusing and recycling waste materials in a shorter span of time. Earthworm technology can convert sugar industrial wastes into valuable fertilizing material. The final product (vermicompost) produced during the process of vermicomposting is nutrient rich organic fertilizer with plant available nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium and phosphorus. In the present study an attempt has been made to document the role of earthworms in reuse of sugar industry waste.
Old industries cause serious ecological damage to the surrounding countryside. The dump as a side effect of Nickel Metallurgical Works in Sered' operation had been a problem from urban and agricultural point of view since the 1960's. The dump was a threat for its surroundings as a source of enormous amounts of dust because it consisted of fine grained powder heap with unstabilized surface structure. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of experimental work focused on stabilization of the dump surface with vegetation cover which has been done mostly at the Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra.
The paper presents the activity of anaerobic bacterial communities isolated from soil polluted by aircraft fuel on distillery decoctions with phosphogypsum. The microorganisms were selected using the microcosms method, and then enriched on Postgate medium with ethanol. The isolated communities became the inoculum to establish a culture on potato and rye distillery decoctions. The obtained results show that a simultaneous removal of two industrial wastes such as phosphogypsum and distillery decoctions is possible. The introduction of a inoculation comprising a selected anaerobic bacterial community into the culture does not influence the increase of the biotransformation process efficiency.
Aldehydes and their derivatives – primary alcohols and esters undergo ketonization in the gas phase in the range of 350-450 oC over multicomponental oxide catalyst – Zr-Mg-Y-O. This method is appropriate for processing mixtures of components. An experimental study was performed on ketonization of methyl esters fractions of waste fats and residuary alcohol fractions originating from industrial installations. In both cases mainly ketone fractions were obtained. During transformation of methyl esters and alcohols total yields of ketones amounted to over 60% and about 75%, respectively. Also, other catalytic systems (i.e. Fe-Si-Cr-K-O and Sn-Ce-Rh-O) can be used for ketonization of both raw materials.
An analysis of industrial wastes is a difficult and complicated procedure because of their complex contents which depend on the nature of production and technology being used. The present paper gives selected analytical problems concerning the determination of nickel and iron in wastes coming from the metalurgical industry. It has been concluded that the methods of mineralizing wastes need to be adjusted to their complexity. For emulsion wastes the most suitable method is microwave mineralization.
Ectomycorrhizal and saprobic fungi of two industrial wastes in southern Poland (calamine spoil in Bolesław and zinc waste in Chrzanów) were studied. Pine (Pinus sylvestris) accompanied by birch (Betula pendula) were present in the investigated area. Fruitbodies of 68 species were recorded, but only 10 were common to both sites. Mycorrhizal species were the most common group on the zinc waste, whereas saprobic fungi prevailed on the calamine spoil. The differences in species composition between sites might be due to differences in plant cover, but also to the toxicity of the material at the sites. Among mycorrhizal species, members of Cortinariaceae and Tricholomataceae were most frequently recorded. Most ectomycorrhizal species had a broad host range, and only a few species known to be associated exclusively with pine or birch were found. Analysis of ectomycorrhizas by classical and molecular (PCR-RFLP) methods revealed that the fungi forming the most abundant fruitbodies were also present in the form of ectomycorrhizas. A few ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi not recorded as fruitbodies were present as pine symbionts.
A simple and sensitive electroanalytical technique for the detection and quantification of zinc has been developed that demonstrates beneficial analytical features of boron-doped diamond electrode. The influence of deposition potential on the stripping peak current of zinc was studied, and optimum value of -1.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl electrode was chosen. Optical and atomic force microscopic studies showed that the mechanism of deposition process is governed by nucleation by which first nanoparticles and then grains of zinc are formed. The detection limit of 4.7×10⁻¹⁰ mol·l⁻¹, good repeatability (relative standard deviation of 3.2%) as well as wide linear dynamic range from 5×10⁻¹⁰ to 5×10⁻⁶ mol·l⁻¹ were obtained in 0.1 mol·l⁻¹ KCl for deposition time of 120 s. Interference from other heavy metals such as Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cd²⁺ do not significantly influence anodic stripping peak of zinc even in a 100-fold excess. The method was applied in analysis of zinc in environmental rubber industry samples with results in good agreement with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry, confirming that the boron-doped diamond electrode is an excellent sensing tool for heavy metals environmental monitoring.
The physico-chemical parameters of coffee effluent consists of very high amount of BOD (2200 mg dm-3), TDS (1810 mg dm-3), NO3 (26.4 mg dm-3), NH4 + (12.6 mg dm-3), low pH (4.3) and zero DO values. Despite the reduction of these values by dilution effect of river water, BOD values as high as 1900 mg dm-3 and 1700 mg dm-3 were found at the downstream sites of Bore and Fite rivers. For biological assemblage study, 6047 macroinvertebrates representing 27 different taxa were identified from riffle sampling sites. The average Shannon and equitability indices and total EPT taxa were reduced at the downstream sites. The habitat score of the study sites was in the range of 27% (very poor) up to 84% (excellent).
Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań właściwości geotechnicznych popiołów lotnych z elektrowni Skawina. Próbki popiołów pobrano z trzech lejów zsypowych przy elektrofiltrach, oznaczonych jako strefy odpylania I, II i III. Badania obejmowały oznaczenie parametrów charakteryzujących uziarnienie, zagęszczalność, kapilarność, straty prażenia, wodoprzepuszczalność i wytrzymałość na ścinanie. Analizę wyników badań przeprowadzono w aspekcie zastosowania popiołów w budownictwie drogowym. Stwierdzono, że badane popioły z różnych stref odpylania wykazują pewne zróżnicowanie parametrów fizycznych i mechanicznych. Popioły te nie spełniają wymogów dotyczących materiałów stosowanych w budownictwie drogowym. Wskazano, że poprawę właściwości geotechnicznych popiołów lotnych można uzyskać, stosując ich mieszanki z innymi odpadami przemysłowymi o grubszym uziarnieniu lub przez stabilizację środkami wiążącymi. Małe wartości współczynnika filtracji pozwalają zakwalifikować badane popioły jako przydatne do uszczelnień na przykład wałów przeciwpowodziowych lub składowisk odpadów.
Rape straw is a waste product of rapeseed oil production that can be processed for use by burning. This study examined the processing of rape straw ash into compound fertilizers containing phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and microelements by granulation using additives from sugar factories, such as sugar factory lime and molasses. Rape straw ash was examined by chemical analysis, differential scanning calorime- try-thermogravimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis. The optimum parameters of compound fertilizer granulation and the main physicochemical properties of the product, such as particle size distribution, moisture content, pH, and particle-crushing strength were determined using standard methods. The results of our investigation show that compound fertilizers of 0-6-2l-23CaO-2MgO grade can be obtained from rape straw ash using sugar factory lime and molasses.
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Usability of fly ash for filtration barriers

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The results of permeability and compressibility tests of the fly ash from Skawina Power Plant were presented in the paper. These tests were carried out in the aspect of its usage in filtration barriers in municipal and industrial waste landfi lls. It was stated that the tested fly ash can not be used for fi ltration barriers, mainly because of granulation and fi ltration criteria. Although, the addition of another soil or a hydraulic binding agent would improve its granulation and would increase impermeability.
Mixtures of fly ash and slugs were subjected to laboratory tests in order to estimate their influence on natural water and soil condition in order to check their possible application towards for recultivaton or landfilling. The chemical composition of the mixtures and their extracts obtained with solutions of sulphuric acid (pH 2 or 4) as eluent (simulating acid rain) were determined. Assuming the criteria to be met by drinking water specified by the European Union and WHO documents, it was established that the heavy metals content in the fly ash and slug mixtures is not expected to have a negative effect on underground water.
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