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After presenting the definition of immunosuppression the paper concentrates on the immunosuppressive properties of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Its role in the etiology of the post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and the other porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) is characterized, indicating that following the immunosuppressive action of PCV2 facultatively pathogenic microorganisms join the etiology of the disease syndrome which becomes multifactorial. The lymphocytopenia resulting from PCV2 infection is particularly manifest among the B lymphocytes, followed by the T lymphocytes. In vivo analyses have shown that PCV2 is most frequently associated with monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). PCV2 infection of macrophages and DCs is the key factor determining the consequences for immune defense competence. The differences between conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are mentioned. The term cDCs defines cells with antigen presenting functions and the term pDCs represents the interferon, type 1 producing cells. Examples of immunosuppressive action of other pathogens have been presented. Classical swine fever virus inhibits the interferon production in the infected DCs. In addition it causes leucopenia. These changes enablr opportunistic Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus sp. strains to cause septicemia in the infected pigs. Immunosuppressive action of pseudorabies virus is mentioned resulting in secondary infection by other species of viruses or bacteria. Moreover, as presented in the paper, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus demonstrates immunosuppressive properties.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
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2010
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tom 66
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nr 07
s.435-438,bibliogr.
The paper is a review of publications on immunosuppression caused by mycotoxins contained in feeds consumed by swine. Most mycotoxins are produced by members of 3 genera of fungi: Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were characterized. AFB1 decreases especially the cell-mediated immunity, impairing the response to the vaccine antigen, and modulates cytokine expression. Also, as a consequence of immunosuppression, facultatively pathogenic microorganisms are able to participate in the etiology of multifactorial diseases of swine. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is known to modulate the immune functions of swine, even when applied in relatively small doses. The breakdown of vaccinal immunity, which is low, may lead to infectious diseases against which the swine have been vaccinated, even in cases of highly efficacious vaccines. Immunosuppressive properties were also described in the case of fumonisin B1 (FB1), which - following the consumption of contaminated feed - predisposes swine to the pathological action of Pasterella multocida, a facultatively pathogenic strain which does not normally demonstrate pathogenicity. Considering the described immunosuppressive actions of mycotoxins and high losses to swine production caused by these substances, it is recommended to improve the control of feeds for their presence.
The experiments were carried out on mice (Balb/c, 6 weeks old) exposed to restraint stress. Animals were restrained for 12 h per day at nighttime and released at daytime for 2 consecutive days. Some mice were immunized i.p. immediately before the stress with 4xl08 sheep red blood cell (SRBC). Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC, 20 mg/kg) was administered i.p. twice e.g. 4 and 2 days prior to restraint stress. Calf thymus extract (TFX, 10 mg/kg) was injected i.p. four times at 24 h intervals prior to exposure to stress. It was found that restraint stress led to thymic atrophy which was reflected in the decreased total number of thymocytes, weight index of the thymus, and caused depletion of thymocytes. In addition, it was found that restraint stress reduced humoral response to SRBC which was reflected in the decreased number of splenocytes producing anti-SRBC antibodies (PFC) and serum haemagglutynin titres (19S+7S and 7S). The total number of spleen cells and weight index of the spleen in stressed mice were also diminished. The suppressing effect of stress was observed for 10 days. Pretreatment with DTC or TFX partially counteracted the immunosuppresive effects of restraint stress. Administration of DTC or TFX retarded the stress-induced thymic atrophy and promoted the restoration of the synthesis of anti-SRBC haemagglutinins and the number of PFC. Regeneration of the thymus gland occured more rapidly in stressed mice previously treated with TFX. On the other hand, the stronger effect of restoring the humoral response to SRBC was observed for DTC.
Porównano diagnostyczną przydatność metody hybrydyzacji i różnych wariantów PCR do wykrywania DNA wirusa cytomegalii w próbkach krwi pacjentów z immunosupresją.
The role of specific, non-specific cellular and humoral immunity in different clinical forms of strongyloidosis is discussed. The role of immunosuppression in the immunocompromised patients with disseminated strongyloidosis is also given.
Prevalence of multifocal fungal infections in patients undergoing permanent immunosuppresion alter renal transplantation. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of fungi in monofocal and multifocal infections in renal transplant recipients. 32 renal transplant recipients were examined for presence of fungi in genital organs, oral cavity and rectum. Fungal strains were recovered in 66 out of 96 samples (68.2% of all renal transplant recipients) in oral cavity (65.6%), rectum (37.5%) and genital organs (25.0%). Monofocal mycosis was found only in 21.9% of the patients. Multifocal infections occurred in 68.2% and contained ontocenoses of oral cavity and rectum (34.4%) the most frequently. Trifocal infection (genital organs - oral cavity - rectum) occurred in 12.5% of all examined renal transplant recipients. The following fungi were found: Candida albicans (31 strains), C. glabrata (5), C. guilliermondii (2), C. krusei (20, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1).
For many years research on tumour development focused exclusively on the functions of cancer cells. Less attention was paid to tumour-associated cells, which form the tumour microenvironment. Nowadays we know that inflammatory infiltration cells associated with tumour proliferation may have a pro-tumour or an anti-tumour effect. Current studies are focused on interaction (cross-talk) between cells in the tumour microenvironment. Myeloid suppressor cells (MDSCs) and lymphocytes T are special groups of cells associated with tumour. Interaction between cancer cells, MDSCs and lymphocytes T leads to the development of an immunosuppression network that prevents effective combat against cancer cells and creates conditions favourable for tumour progression, migration and metastasis. The understanding of the crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells has become the main task of scientists and oncologists.
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