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Badania obejmowały 11 olejków eterycznych i 9 składników olejkowych. Do oceny działania immunostymulującego zastosowano zmodyfikowany Carbon Clearance Test. Stwierdzono, że najsilniejsze działanie immunostymulujące wykazywały Ol. Pini i Ol. Citri. Średnią aktywnością charakteryzowały się Ol. Juniperi, Ol. Lavandulae, Ol. Thymi i Ol. Geraniae. Wśród badanych składników olejkowych najsilniejsze działanie immunostymulujące wykazywał a-pinen. Wyraźnym działaniem odznaczały się ponadto 1,8-cyneol i borneol. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że olejki eteryczne i substancje olejkowe o wysokiej aktywności immunostymulującej stwarzają możliwość ich praktycznego zastosowania w lecznictwie.
Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding protein from the transferrin family present in mucosal secretions, several organs, secondary granules of neutrophils and the serum of mammals. Many biological functions have been attributed to lactoferrin, including immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Although the presence of LF in fish is unknown, it has similar effects in fish as in mammals. In the majority of the investigated fish species LF promoted proliferative response of lymphocytes, modulated macrophage functions or increased phagocytosis and respiratory burst of fish leukocytes in vitro. Administration of LF reduced the mortality of fish challenged with pathogenic bacteria and viruses, and enhanced the resistance of fish to parasitic infections. Moreover LF treatment reduced the stress response of aquatic organisms cultured under deteriorating conditions. As a natural protein LF shows very low toxicity, high biocompatibility and biodegradability, and is considered safe for the environment and consumer health as well. Although LF had no effect on the immune system of several fish species, its use as an immunostimulant in aquaculture is still a promising area.
Studies were performed on 60 carps werghing from 30 to 40 g. Levamisole was used at the concentration of 10 mg per 1 l of water for 1 hour, and the drug TFX at 5 mg per 1 l of water for 96 hours. Blood was collected after 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after the treatment. The following were assessed: the number of leukocytes and neutrocytes, the metabolic activity of granulocytes (NBT) and the level of lysozyme in the blood by the spectophotometric method. It was found that both levamisole and the drug TFX possessed immunostimulating effects in carps. Their effects lasted for 5 weeks following levamisole administration and to the end of the experiment in case of the TFX drug. The authors suggest that the TFX drug is more effective than levamisole and persists for a longer time in carps treated in such a manner.
Fragments of bacterial and viral DNA are identified by the immune system of vertebrates which cause the activation of specific and non-specific mechanisms of immunological response. Similar immunostimulating effects can be achieved by using oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) consisting of unmethylated cytosine-guanosine dinucleotides (CpG ODN). Numerous studies show the capability of their appliance in treating bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, as well as in the therapy of tumors and cancers and in specific immunoprophylactics of many kinds of animal (including bird) diseases. This fact creates the capability of using CpG ODN in large scale poultry production. The authors describe the influence of CpG ODN on immune system cells and the possibilities of the practical application of CpG ODN in therapy and immunoprophylaxis of poultry diseases.
The definitions and the theoretical basis of the action of immunostimulators was presented in relation to innate immunity. The existence of homeostasis between immunostimulation and immunosuppression was mentioned, indicating possible changes in their mutual relations. The role of immunostimulaters in the activation of innate immunity was stressed. In connection with the growing occurrence of multifactorial syndromes in modern swine production and the ban by the European Union of using antibiotic growth stimulators for the prevention of these kind of diseases, the role of immunostimulators as replacements was discussed. The mechanisms of immunostimulation were characterized after the parenteral and oral application of the immunostimulators. The competitive exclusion was mentioned. Publications describing preparations of immunostimulative activity for veterinary use were cited and characterized. In conclusion it was stated that the immunostimulators only partly replace the antibiotic growth stimulators in prevention of multifactorial syndromes in swine. This justifies further research in this area as well as for the improvement of the efficacy of vaccines against infections in swine, particularly those caused by facultatively pathogenic microorganisms.
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