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Immunoprofilaktyka w parazytologii

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In the paper chosen problems of immunoprophylaxis against parasitoses were presented, as well as an extensive review of references concerning the vaccines, either being already produced or being under examination in laboratories, aga.inst parasitic Protozoa and Metazoa.
Special attention in this review is given to published work on genetic, antigenic and pathogenic variations of the virus of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and the potential implications of these properties for vaccine efficacy. Genomic organization of type 1 and type 2 strains of the PRRS virus is presented: the former being the representative of the European strains and the latter of the North American isolates. Among the European isolates 4 subtypes are differentiated. More homogenous are the strains of the Northern American type. Despite very high differences in antigenic properties of both European and North American isolates, it is possible to differentiate them, using serological methods, particularly the immunofluorescence test. The ELISA test proved to be useful in diagnosis of PRRS. However, antigens of the PRRS virus are of no use in the selection of strains for vaccine production. The high degree of variation among PRRS virus isolates is also demonstrated in pathogenic properties. Generally, the heterogeneity of genetic, antigenic and pathogenic properties, being a continuous process, is the explanation for the persistent infections resulting from the selection of mutants that escape neutralizing antibodies or cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Because of the heterogeneity of the mentioned biological properties of the field strains, the immunoprophylactic value of the available vaccines is not high. Better results are obtained when live, attenuated vaccines are used. In relation to this topic the proposition of Mengeling, called SWINE, is presented. The first letter means sensitization of the pig by vaccine injection; the second letter means waiting for more than several weeks until the level of neutralizing antibodies reaches low values; the letter I means immunization; N means neutralization of the virus; the letter E means eradication, in other words the elimination of PRRS. The last step must be supported by biosecurity and additional veterinary measures. Another method of immunoprophylaxis is the vaccination of pigs introduced to a herd using viremic serum of pigs of the same herd, which provides the best homogeneity of immunity and the highest efficacy.
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Przeciwciala Toxoplasma gondii

88%
The paper presents antigenic structure of T. gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites in respect of potential use of some chosen antigens for diagnostic and immunoprophylactic purposes.
The main purpose cf the studies was to evaluate the possibility to replace alive monovalent vaccines with a combined one possessing a wide spectrum of activity. The experiments were carried out on calves (16 animals) in two periods, i.e. in autumn-winter season (group I and Ia) and in spring-summer season (group II and IIa). The group I was given the combined vaccine twice at intervals of 10 days intramuscularly, and group II apart from the vaccine received levamisole 4 times, i.e. before vaccination and at day 3, 10 and 17 after the first dose of the vaccine. The combined vaccine contained an inactivated suspension of the Trichophyton verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum strains, prepared separatelly according to the method described previously (61) and inactivated with formaldehyde. It was found that the combined vaccine elicited a distinct immune response of cellular type. At week 4 after the first dose of the vaccine there was found in all the animals except one a positive result of leukocyte migration inhibition (from 22% to 54%). The increased values of the test lasted for the next two weeks. After 8 weeks they decreased especially in the group of animals that had not received levamisole. A delayed type of hypersensitivity accompanied the positive reactions assessed by the cell migration inhibition test. A drop of lymphocytes producing rosettes took place at day 3 after vaccination, however, at day 10, particularly in the group treated with levamisole, there was observed an increase of the percentage of T lymphocytes (p ≤ 0.001). With the both groups of calves the percentage of T lymphocytes forming E rosettes came back to the state before vaccination at day 17. Fungicidal activity of leukocytes, determined in the same periods of time increased at day 3 following vaccination. However, at day 10 there was observed not only a drop of fungicidal activity but a growth stimulation of the fungus. After 4 weeks fungicidal activity attained the level before vaccination. The challenge trial performed at week 6 after the first dose of the vaccine confirmed a distinct resistance of the animals immunised (tab. 4). The calves treated with the combined vaccine possessed a congenial immunity against the two species of Trichophyton which had been used for experimental infection.
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