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Antibiotics are widely used in the therapy of infections. Besides the respective interactions between antibiotics and pathogens it seems that antibiotics also directly interact with the immune system. Some commonly used antibiotics are currently known to have effects on the innate immune response, as shown by in vitro, ex vivo and also in vivo animal experiments and clinical studies. Most of the experimental papers published to date, as well as most reviews, relate to how antibiotics affect the innate immune response or non-specific monocyte or lymphocyte proliferation. However the effects of antibiotics on the adaptive immune response are still not well characterized. This review of the literature considering different in vivo experiments indicate the real importance of interrelations existing between acquired immune responses and antibiotics, however, the mechanism of immunomodulatory effects of antibiotics are still poorly understood. Currently, data on the immunomodulating effects of antibiotics often remain heterogeneous, contradictory or insufficient, but most results published to date revealed the immunosuppressive effect of antibiotics on the antigen- specific immune response in vivo. In pigs as well as in poultry herds, it is not uncommon practice to add antibiotics to drinking water or feed at the time of vaccination. Information on the effects of such practices on the immune system of animals is restricted and more in vivo studies are needed to investigate the effects of antimicrobial drugs on the immune system, especially in the field conditions.
The effects of levamisole, as an anthelmintic or immunomodulator, on pregnancy were investigated in ewes. Immunomodulatory and anthelmintic doses of levamisole and physiologic saline were injected on days 0 (oestrus), 7, 14, and 21 in group 1 (immunomodulatory dose; n=7), group II (anthelmintic dose; n=6), and group III (control; n=6), respectively. The first service pregnancy rate, tended to be lower (P<0.06) in group I (28.6%) compared to that of groups II (83.3%) and III (83.3%). Plasma progesterone (P₄) concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in group II compared to that of group III on day 3, and there was a treatment x day interaction (P<0.05). No effect of levamisole treatments on plasma P₄ concentrations was detected once pregnancy was established. There was a numeric decline in plasma cholesterol concentrations in group II, compared to group I or III on day 3. In conclusion, levamisole as an immunomodulator is detrimental for the establishment of pregnancy, possibly by stimulating general and intrauterine immunity.
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and vaccinia virus protein C10L share a VTXFYF motif, with X being Lys or Arg residue, respectively. Peptides of such se­quence compete successfully with IL-1 for the cellular receptor. A pair of complemen­tary peptides, based on the Siemion's hypothesis on the periodicity of the genetic code (QWLNIN and QWANIN), and another pair, in which, following the Root- Bernstein theory, Lys was used as complementary amino acid to Phe (QWLKIK and QWAKIK), were investigated for the peptide-antipeptide interactions using mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and circular dichroism (CD) methods. The CD measurements indicated some conformational changes, more pronounced in the Siemion's pairs, however, no heterodimer formation was found by MS. In the region of IL-1 receptor situated close to the position of IL-1Ra in the IL-1Ra-receptor complex, a KQKL mo­tif is present, suggesting a possibility of complementary recognition of the Root-Bernstein type in the IL-1 receptor. The biological activity of the complemen­tary peptides is similar to that of the original ones. They efficiently compete with IL-1 and show moderate immunosuppressory activity in humoral and cellular immune re­sponse. The inhibition of the IL-1-IL-1 receptor interaction may result from the com­plementary peptides acting as mini-receptors with affinity for IL-1.
The present review describes selected peptides derived from bovine milk proteins and demonstrates their effect on the human immune system. Apart from their obvious nutritive value milk proteins and products of their degradation (peptides) have multiple biological functions. Bovine milk,fermented milk drinks and cheeses are the most abundant sources of biologically active peptides. One of the primary functions of milk is to protect the health of a newborn organism by the virtue of the fact that milk contains many proteins, which exhibit bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties in their intact form. Ingestion of bovine milk by humans causes that bioactive peptides are evoked from delivered proteins during the course of digestion. They possess not only immunomodulatory,but also antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties.
The aim of the research was to determine the efficiency of in ovo immunisation of turkeys against the haemorrhagic enteritis virus, while simultaneously applying a synthetic immunomodulator - methisoprinol - by the same route of administration. Dindoral SPF vaccine, in a dose of 0.1 ml of the solution prepared ex tempore after dissolving the vaccine in 100 ml of water for injection, and methisoprinol in a dose of 5 mg per egg, were administered in ovo on the 26th d of incubation. The control groups consisted of turkeys hatched from eggs into which only the methisoprinol or the vaccine was administered, as well as birds hatched from eggs that were not interfered with. The susceptibility of turkeys to HE virus infection was determined on the basis of the presence of HE antibodies in serum, the evaluation of a splenic index, and attempts to register the virus presence in the spleen 120 h after the control infections. The research proved the effectiveness of immunising turkeys against the haemorrhagic enteritis virus by administering Dindoral SPF vaccine in ovo. It was also demonstrated that the simultaneous application of methisoprinol, showing an antiviral effect, and the vaccine inhibited the development of post vaccinal immunity against this virus.
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