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The influence of the time of distillation on the content and composition of essential oil isolated from wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) by hydrodistillation was investigated. The GC-MS data showed that the essential oil was rich in carvacrol (30.90–46.16%) and its biogenetic precursors γ-terpinene (5.72–9.09%) and p-cymene (4.51–13.46%). Other constituents identified in significant amounts were β-caryophyllene, carvacrol methyl ether and (-)-β-bisabolene. On the basis of the obtained data it was proved that time of distillation had no effect on essential oil content. Moreover, there was no significant effect of the distillation time on the content of essential oil constituents found in the experiment.
The yield and composition of essential oil obtained from the fruits of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) cultivated in Poland were investigated. Experiments were carried out by means of the hydrodistillation method using Clevenger and Deryng apparatus. No effect of the apparatus’ construction on the essential oil yield was observed during a 2-h process (yield of 1.62%). The composition of the coriander essential oil was determined by using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main components were linalool (78.45%), α-pinene (5.03%), camphor (3.90%), γ-terpinene (3.80%), D-limonene (2.58%) and geranyl acetate (2.13%). Moreover, the influence of different factors, such as time of hydrodistillation, sodium chloride addition and method modification by using microwave heating on essential oil yield, was studied. The addition of sodium chloride to distilled water did not affect the yield of essential oil, but slightly increased the content of camphor. Replacing conventional heating with microwaves during 15-min experiments enhanced the yield of essential oil from 1.20 to 1.35% and had a slightly greater influence on its composition, increasing the contents of some less volatile components: linalool, camphor, geraniol, p-cymene and D-limonene. The results obtained indicate that microwave heating may be a supporting method for the production of coriander essential oil using the hydrodistillation process.
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