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The aim of the study was to optimize conditions for producing Salmonella Enteritidis recombinant heat shock protein 60 (rHsp60). Seven Escherichia coli host strains (Rosetta, Turner, C41, C43, Origami, BL21pLys, Rosetta pLys) were transformed by a recombinant plasmid containing Hsp60 gene from Salmonella Enteritidis, and then cultured and induced by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The highest S. Enteritidis rHsp60 yield was obtained using E. coli strain C41. Induction of this strain using IPTG allowed the yield 400 μg of S. Enteritidis Hsp60 protein/2L of culture, but by autoinduction the yield exceeded 800 μg/2L.
This study investigates the development cycle of Sawadaea tulasnei on Acer platanoides in urban conditions, taking into account the effect of traffic-induced pollution. Observations were taken at 63 stations in the city of Olsztyn and surroundings, located alongside major communication routes at distances of up to 50 m, 100 m, and 300 m with distances >300 m acting as control. S. tulasnei appeared in each experimental year. The highest mean pathological index that was statistically significant was recorded at stations located up to 50 m from the routes and the lowest at the control stations. Differences were observed in the incidence of S. tulasnei depending on the maturity of the host plant, whereas the development of the parasite was seen to be undisrupted. In the zone of up to 50 m, fruiting bodies matured earlier compared to controls, suggesting environmental stress.
A virus was isolated, using mechanical inoculation, from hill mustard (Bunias orientalis L.) plants exhibiting yellow mottling and blistering on leaves, which were frequently accompanied by asymmetric leaf narrowing. It systemically infected certain plants from the family Brassicaceae (Brassica rapa, Bunias orientalis, Hesperis matronalis, Sinapis alba) as well as Cleome spinosa and Nicotiana clevelandii, and locally Atriplex hortensis, Chenopodium quinoa, Ch. amaranticolor, N. tabacum. In the sap, it maintained infectivity for 3-4 days and lost it after heating for 10 min. at a temperature of 55 – 60oC or when diluted with water at 10-3. Virus particles were thread- like with a length of 675 – 710 nm. Based on an analysis of biological properties of the pathogen, serological response, particle morphology and data from field observations, it was identified as an isolate of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), and hill mustard was recognised as a natural overwintering host for this pathogen.
Research resulting in the description of six new species representing the genus Fimbriaria has thus revealed that the former Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781) was in fact a group of species. In the light of this, the long list of final and intermediate hosts for this species may in fact result from earlier errors in identification. Proper diagnosis of Fimbriaria to the level of the species should be based on penetrating morphological studies of adult forms which would take account of: the structure of the oncospheral envelope, the number of genital primordia per segment of the strobila, the number of spines at the cirrus base and the length of the cirrus pouch. Proper diagnosis of species at the larval stage is practically impossible in natural infections because of the great similarity between the larvae of different species. The present state of knowledge of the genus Fimbriaria calls for a revision review of the broad specificity of the whole group in relation to both final and intermediate hosts.
Insect-parasitic rhabditoid nematodes, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora, when parasitizing the greater wax moth larvae, produce toxic substances which constitute a specific type of proteolytic activity. These show some similarity to the immune inhibitors released by certain bacterial pathogens of insects. The proteinases of both nematodes selectively destroy the antibacterial activity of immune haemolymph in vitro as well as in vivo. The inhibitory effect on the bactericidal activity is caused by the proteolytic degradation of the immune proteins of the cecropin-like type. Although a decrease in lysozyme activity in nematode-parasitized insects has been observed, the immune inhibitors released by entomogenous rhabditoid nematodes inhibited neither lysozyme synthesis nor its bactericidal acitivity against gram-positive bacteria.
In total, 400 bony fishes of 32 species (7 families) were examined. Acanthocephalans occurred in 55 host specimens of 15 species. Five species were recognised, including 3 echinorhynchid species maturing in fish, Metacanthocephalus campbelli (Leiper et Atkinson, 1914), M. dalmori Zdzitowiecki, 1983 and Echinorhynchuspetrotschenkoi (Rodjuk, 1984), as well as cystacanths of 2 polymorphid species maturing in seals, Corynosoma bullosum (Linstow, 1892) and C. pseudohamanni Zdzitowiecki, 1984. All species were found in fish in the Weddell Sea for the first time. M. dalmori, E. petrotschenkoi and C. bullosum were not previously recorded in the high Antarctic. Out of 26 host/parasite relationships, 24 are new. The level of infection was very low. Only 114 acanthocephalan specimens were found, with the maximum intensity of 12 cystacanths in one Trematomus pennelli. C. bullosum was the most abundant species (53% of all specimens). Out of 11 fish species examined in numbers of 18-46 specimens, only 6 were infected. Trematomus scotti was the most strongly infected - prevalence 54%, relative density 1.04.
Experimental infection of Alstroemeria seedlings with naturally infected lily ‘Casablanca’ with stunting and flower bud deficiency phytoplasma resulted 3–4 weeks after top grafting in chlorotic and/or necrotic stripes, whitening of the leaves, shoot necrosis and die back. Flower discoloration or malformation were not observed. Attempts to transmit phytoplasma from naturally infected lily and experimentally infected Alstroemeria to Catharanthus roseus by top grafting resulted in stunted growth, dull yellowing and malformation of the leaves in 4–6 weeks. Some plants were temporary entirely vegetative and did not produce flowers. The periwinkle plants that were bridged by Cuscuta odorata from the diseased lilies and Alstroemerias showed similar symptoms as top-grafted ones. With the universal primer pairs rU3/fU5 specific PCR product with expected length ∼900 was amplified from samples collected from lilies with severe symptoms and top grafted test plants. All PCR products used for RFLP analysis after digestion with Alu I showed the same restriction profiles. Position of three obtained bands corresponded to the lengths of the DNA fragments of American aster yellows (AAY) phytoplasma group.
Eosinophils were elicited from non-lactating mammary glands of non-pregnant ewes by infusion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective third stage larvae or Ascaris suum embryonated eggs with polymyxin В sulphate. The cell preparations obtained were mixed with T. colubriformis exsheathed third stage larvae with or without sheep serum and incubated. Larval migration or paralysis was influenced by those cell preparation that contained > 19% eosinophils. This inhibitory activity was demonstrated to be associated with eosinophils by using cell preparations that were predominantly eosinophils or Percoll density gradient fractions that consisted totally or largely of eosinophils. Serum from sheep infected with T. colubriformis significantly augmented the effect of the cells. Soluble extracts from eosinophils and their granules also inhibited the activity of the larvae. The activity of the granule extract was associated with the void volume fraction of this extract from a Sephadex G-50 column.
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