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A laboratory experiment has been performed to determine the effect of soil pollution with the herbicides: Harpun 500 SC, Faworyt 300 SL, Akord 180 OF and Mocarz 75 WG on the course of ammonification. The soil material for the experiment consisted of loamy sand of pH 6.5. The experiment comprised five replications. Soil samples in particular objects were polluted with the herbicides at rates corresponding to the dose recommended by the manufacturer: 0 – control, 1 – a dose recommended by the producer, and the rates 50-, 100-, 150- and 200-fold higher than the recommended dose. Next, nitrogen was introduced to soil in the form of L-aspartic acid, DL-alanine, L-arginine and urea in the amounts of 0 and 300 mg N kg-1 soil. Having been thoroughly mixed with the additional substances, the soil was brought to moisture equal 60% capillary water capacity and incubated for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours at 25oC. The study has demonstrated that the course of ammonification depended on the type and rate of a herbicide added to soil, type of an organic compound undergoing ammonification and duration of the trial. L-arginine was ammonified most rapidly, while ammonification of L-aspartic acid lasted the longest. Among the tested herbicides, the strongest inhibitory effect on ammonification process was produced by Mocarz 75 WG, which continued to exert negative influence on mineralisation of organic substances for 36 hours. The other preparations did not have such a considerable effect on the quantities of ammonified nitrogen.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate plant bioassay techniques for various concentrations of isoxaflutole in soil and to compare them with the capillary gas chromatography (GLC). The field experiments with maize were conducted at three locations: South Deerfield, MA (USA), Brody and Winna Góra (Poland) in 1997 and 2000. A silt loam (typical Udifluvents soil) from South Deerfield, was used for the bioassay study. The chemical method was used for two soils from Experiment Stations, Brody and Winna Góra (Poland). The isoxaflutole half-life was 4 days in the Brody soil and 8 days in the South Deerfield soil. The degradation rate of isoxaflutole was very fast during the first ten days after treatment and the second phase of degradation was much slower. The bioassay method was more sensitive than the GLC and showed residues of the herbicide in the South Deerfield soil in 120 DAT. The amount of isoxaflutole residues in Brody soil was 15.3% in 21 DAT, if analyzed by GLC. In Winna Góra soil analyzed by GLC no residue was detected in 19 DAT. Bioassays have advantages over instrumental techniques because they provide more information on the biological significance of the remaining isoxaflutole, and its degradation products in soil. Instrumental methods are more costly and time consuming, as compared to bioassay methods.
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Susceptibility of fiber flax cultivars to herbicides

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The paper presents the results of plot experiments on susceptibility of 4 cultivars of fiber flax: Alba, Belinka, Nike and Wiko to broad-leaved weed herbicides (chlorsulfuron, bentazon + MCPA) and graminicides (haloksylop-R, chizalofop P, and setoxidim), used as single or mixtures. The experiments were conducted on two soil suitability complexes in the years 1994-1996. The cultivars Alba and Wiko were more susceptible to herbicides than Nike and Belinka. More susceptible Alba and Wiko showed faster phenological development as compared to two other cultivars, especially in the first period of growing season (from germination to the stage of fast growth). Herbicides had more phytotoxic effect on flax plants on light soil than on other ones. The most phytotoxic effect on tested cultivars, leading to a reduction of scutched fiber yield, was observed for the mixture of haloksylop-R + chlorsulfuron and bentazon + MCPA followed by setoxidim at 7-day interval. Higher yields of most flax cultivars were observed when flax was sprayed with chlorsulfuron herbicides followed by one of the tested graminicides (haloksylop-R, chizalofop P or setoxidim) after seven days from application of chlorsulfuron. The cultivar Nike has been found to be the most resistant to tested herbicides. Application of chemical methods of weed control for cultivation of this cultivar resulted in an increase of long yield of scutched fiber. The herbicides tested in the experiment usually had a beneficial effect on the quality of flax scutched fiber, especially in case of Alba and Wiko cultivars.
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