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The instrumentation of anterior vertebral body screws has become an important approach for the treatment of unstable fractures or curvature of the spine, but little attention has been paid to the starting point of placing the screws and the variability of the rib head position. We analysed the variability of rib head position in a Chinese population in terms of the spinal canal and vertebral body using computed tomography (CT). Images from transverse CT scans of the T4–T12 vertebral bodies of 30 normal individuals were 3-D reconstructed and analysed for measurement of parameters which included: 1) distance between the left (or right) anterior border of the rib head and the posterior (or anterior) margin of the vertebral body [L(R)ARHP(A)VB]; 2) left (or right) transverse dimension [L(R)TD]; 3) left (or right) posterior (or anterior) safe angle [L(R)P(A)SA]; and 4) distance between the inferior border of the left (or right) rib head and the superior (or inferior) end-plate in the sagittal plane [I L(R)RHS(I)EP]. The ARHPVB, PSA, and IRHIEP gradually decrease, but ARHAVB, TD, ASA, and IRHSEP gradually increase, from T4 to T12, indicating that the position of the rib head changes from a more anterior position to a more posterior position and from a more superior position to a more inferior position, as the number of the vertebra increases. Our study has provided a comprehensive reference guide for accurate and safe instrumentation of vertebral body screws in treating related spine diseases. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 4: 232–240)
На основании проведенных ранее исследований вращательного движения очистительного элемента нового отделителя ботвы и кинематического взаимодействия рабочих элементов между собой построена математическая модель динамического взаимодействия системы рабочих элементов отделителя с головкой корнеплода сахарной свеклы. Получены зависимости усилий в точке контакта системы рабочих элементов с головкой корнеплода в зависимости от количества элементов в системе и режимов работы нового отделителя ботвы. Построены графические зависимости изменения суммарной нормальной реакции системы от количества ее элементов. Значения составляющих нормальной реакции были использованы в дальнейшем для силового анализа указанного взаимодействия.
The main branches of the middle cerebral artery were defined in 16 cerebral hemispheres. It was observed that in 14 (87.5%) hemispheres, the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery bifurcated into two common branches which, in turn, branched further into cortical branches.
This paper presents the case of an adult male skull with bilateral ossification of the stylohyoid complex. The total length of the stylohyoid complex amounts to 62 mm on the left side and 65 mm on the right side. Visual inspection of the stylohyoid revealed the presence of callosities that are located on both stylohyoid complexes at nearly the same level. These sites are regarded as the ossified attachments of the stylohyoid ligaments to the corresponding styloid processes. The skull studied is an example of extreme development of the stylohyoid complex, which could cause severe pain and a restriction of head and neck movement.
The aim of the experiment, conducted from 2005 to 2006, was to determine the effect of planting date (spring, summer/fall) and method (seedlings, direct sowing) on the content of dry matter, selected organic components and nitrates in the heads of Italian chicory radicchio, cv. Palla Rossa 3. Statistical analysis revealed that both experimental factors had a significant effect on the content of dry matter and simple sugars in the edible parts of radicchio. Dry matter content was significantly affected by planting method, while the concentration of total sugars – by planting date. Chemical analysis of the harvested plant material indicated that radicchio grown in the spring contained more dry matter, L-ascorbic acid, simple sugars and total sugars. Plants obtained from seedlings accumulated more L-ascorbic acid and simple sugars, whereas those grown from directly sown seeds contained more dry matter and total sugars. The nitrate content of radicchio heads was found to be significantly dependent on both experimental factors. A significantly higher (by over 33%) concentration of nitrates was recorded in the edible parts of radicchio grown in the summer/fall. The impact of planting method on nitrate content was less noticeable, but radicchio plants grown from directly sown seeds accumulated more nitrates (by almost 11% on average) than those obtained from seedlings. The interaction between the analyzed factors had a significant effect on the bioaccumulation of dry matter, L-ascorbic acid, simple sugars, total sugars and nitrates.
One method of treatment used in cancer therapy is radiotherapy which can injure the oral, pharynx or larynx mucosa and predisposes tissue to the development of fungal infections. The aim of the study paper was the mycological examinations of swabs from the oral cavity and pharynx of patients obtained prior to, in week 3, on the last day of and 3 weeks after radiotherapy, as well as isolation of fungi and identification of the selected parameter of strains pathogenecity, i.e. hydrolytic enzyme release. Forty-three patients with oral cavity, pharynx or larynx carcinoma were examined at four points during a course of radiotherapy: before treatment, in week 3 of treatment, on the last day of treatment and 3 weeks afterwards. The mycological examination was conducted based on a procedure introduced in the Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University of Lodz. The activity of the hydrolytic enzymes was evaluated with a bioMerieux API ZYM test kit. More than 2/3 of the patients (68.2%) were found to have a fungal infection in the first examination, 4/5 (80%) in the second, about 3/5 (57.1%) in the third and all (100%) in the last examination. The release of enzymes varied, and on different stages show different inactive enzymes: at the start, α-chymotrypsin and α-mannosidase; at 3 weeks, β-glucuronidase and α-mannosidase; at the end, α-chymotrypsin; at 3 weeks after the end, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, α-galaktosidase and α-fucosidase. The most frequent species isolated from the patients treated by radiotherapy is Candida albicans and C. glabrata. The latter is characterized by resistance to the majority of antimycotic medications. The isolated strains are characterized by the highest activity of leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase and naphthol – AS-BI-phosphohydrolase. Considering the enzymes produced, most of the strains can be included to biotypes D₃, C₆ and A.
Data for the force necessary to fracture the isolated calvaria (skull cap) are not available in the extant literature. Twenty dry adult calvaria were tested to failure quasistatically at the vertex using a 15-kN load cell. The forces necessary to fracture or cause diastasis of calvarial sutures were then documented and gross examination of the specimens made. Failure forces had a mean measurement of 2772 N. Initial fractures did not cross suture lines. Prior to complete destruction of the calvaria there were 7 specimens in which all sutures of the calvaria became diastatic, 6 specimens in which the calvaria became diastatic along only the coronal sutures, 2 specimens in which the calvaria became diastatic along only the sagittal suture and 5 specimens in which there were diagonal linear parietal bone fractures. Our hopes are that these data may contribute to the structural design of more safer protective devices for use in our society, assist in predicting injury and aid in the construction of treatment paradigms.
This report describes the topography and structure of the petroclinoid ligament with reference to its clinical significance. Observations of this ligament were performed on 24 sections of human heads. Remnants of the ossified form of this ligament were sought in 73 dry human skulls. It was found that the petroclinoid ligament existed as an anterior and posterior fold of the dura mater and stretched from the petrous apex and the anterior and posterior clinoid process respectively. We assessed the close proximity of this ligament to the oculomotor nerve. In one case we found a partially ossified posterior petroclinoid ligament, which appeared as a bony spike that arose posteriorly and inferiorly from the posterior clinoid process.
The subject of the study were ten lines selected from common chamomile population. In investigated lines essential oil content ranged from 0.25 to 0.55%. Bisabolol oxide В was the main component in nine lines, and chamazulene (30.42%) in one. In all lines relatively low concentration of α-bisabolol was observed (0.14-0.73%). The content of another important compound of chamomile essential oil - spiroether - ranged from 12.63 to 19.95%.
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