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The aim of soil solarization is to control soil borne pathogens and weeds heating with solar energy of soil which is sufficiently wetted. Soil water content is the one of the most important factors affecting soil solarization. Humidity level is important to convey temperature from the upper layers to down layers of soil in solarized soil. For this purpose, the study was conducted in plastic greenhouse in Isparta province. Beginning of the study, all plots were irrigated to reach the field capacity, and then the all plots were irrigated in 5 days irrigation interval during the experiment periods. Temperature distribution was measured in 5, 10, 20 and 30 cm of the soil profile along the experiment periods. As a result of this study, increasing of soil temperature and effectiveness of solarization decreased with together the water content of soil in upper layers. However, the soil temperature increased with irrigation in the down layers.
Several methods were evaluated in an attempt to develop a greenhouse screening procedure that would predict field resistance of brassica breeding lines to clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Several Brassica oleracea cultivars and breeding lines bred for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae and a susceptible Chinese cabbage cultivar were exposed to high levels of inoculum of both pathotypes PB 6, PB 7 at 12,15,20, 25 and 30°C. No infection occurred on any host at 12°C. Chinese cabbage was heavily diseased from 15 - 30°C. Bagder Shipper cabbage, a cauliflower deriving resistance from this variety, and Oregon CR-1 broccoli were resistant to pathotype PB 6 at 15 and 20°C and partially resistant at 25 and 30°C. They were resistant to pathotype PB 7 and 15°C and almost totally susceptible at 20, 25° and 30°C. Oregon cabbage line OR 123 was resistant to pathotype PB 6 at 15°C at almost completely susceptible at 20, 25 and 30°C. It was resistant to pathotype PB 7 at all temperatures. Temperature sensitivity of resistance can partially explain why breeding lines are resistant in field trials and susceptible in greenhouse tests.
Based on the amount and duration of external temperature, degree day values are determined according to whether the selected equilibrium temperature is lower or higher than the air temperature. Degree day values are calculated according to the fluctuations in ambient temperature. It can be understood whether heating or cooling systems are necessary within the calculated periods. In this study, the meteorological data of Antalya region dating back many years and the temperature values suggested according to the cultivation periods of tomato in greenhouse environment have been used as material. The daily average temperature values recorded for many years have been compared with the equilibrium temperature values selected for the tomato plant thereby calculating the heating and cooling day values for each cultivation period. Tomato cultivation in greenhouses is carried out in 2 periods in the region in spring and autumn. At the end of these two periods, it was determined that the heating degree days in autumn were determined to be higher than that in spring. Whereas cooling degree days were determined to be greater for autumn cultivation in comparison with that of spring cultivation. Information regarding the energy consumption of an agricultural structure can be obtained beforehand via the heating and cooling degree day values. It has been surmised that such studies will help in making estimations regarding the energy need of various agricultural structures as well as gaining insight in the planning of the design stages that are directly related to the energy consumption of the building such as heating, cooling and ventilation.
This paper analyzes perceptions and practice of randomly selected Turkish farmers regarding pest management on the basis of interviews and observation. The main aim of the paper is to reveal the knowledge levels and practice of farmers on various issues related to pest applications in vegetable cultivation in greenhouses. The analysis showed that there is a strong relationship between environmental consciousness and socio-economic variables and type of greenhouse, plastic or glass. Farmers know that excessive and inappropriate application of pesticides can damage crops and might be harmful to human health. However, they are not sufficiently informed about the reciprocal relationship between the environment and agricultural pesticide use.
Представлена конструкция экспериментальной теплицы для приусадебного хозяйства, малого и среднего бизнеса, для получения до 2-х урожаев в год без дополнительного обогрева. Конструкция осноана на применении покрытий из поликарбоната и аккумуляторов тепла. Проведена экспериментальная оценка полученных результатов.
In the years 2005 and 2006, spring and autumn experiments were carried out with greenhouse lettuce ‘Michalina’ cultivar, which was fertilized with three iron chelates, i.e.: Fe-DTPA, Fe-EDTA+DTPA, Fe-AM-4 in the following doses (mg Fe·dm⁻³): 20 (control), 50, 75, 100 and 125. The objective of the work were the after effect of the mentioned chelates investigated in the autumnal experiments. Containers with peat that were used in spring experiments were stored in the greenhouse until autumn. In mid-September, lettuce seedlings were planted into the stored peat-filled containers after supplementation of the macro- and micro-elements with the exception of iron. No negative action of chelates was found. Plants yielded well without any symptoms of chelate excess which were observed in spring. After the application of the studied chelates, independent of the levels of Fe, the lettuce yields were similar. Increasing Fe levels, independent of chelates, were accompanied by a similar Fe content in leaves, by an increasing content of copper and decreasing contents of manganese and zinc.
Several factors, including growth medium, inoculum density, and inoculum storage affected the reaction of resistant and susceptible Brassicas to Plasmodiophora brassicae in the greenhouse. A high level of disease was achieved using Peat-litte mix R and a commercial greenhouse mix. There was little difference in disease incidence when spore suspensions were pipeted into planting holes or when seedlings were dipped into spore suspensions. Seedlings transplanted from sand or Petri dishes gave higher levels of disease than direct seeding. Two-year frozen storage of clubs reduced the inoculum potential to a level unable to define resistance. Inoculum levels of 10³⁻⁷ spores per ml from fresh clubs, or 10⁵⁻⁷ spores per ml from clubs frozen for 2 or 4 years, produced 90% club incidence of susceptible cauliflower and Chinese cabbage. A concentration of only 10⁶⁻⁸ spores per ml from fresh clubs was required for maximum disease expression in a cauliflower line partially resistant to clubroot.
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