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Global commodity chain (GCC) analysis has been concerned mainly with examining power relations in global manufacturing industries, although it has been preoccupied increasingly by the question of how developing country (DC) producers can upgrade. This paper extends GCC analysis to traditional primary commodities, where international traders exercise the „driving” role, and suggests a new agenda for their upgrading in DCs, based upon public action.
The paper concentrates on the evaluation of the phenomenon of differentiated perception of development in the context of widespread globalisation and integration. The author has shown the modern trends in perceiving the contemporary timeline and developmental approach, as well as the sustainability aspects of the developmental process and different types and features of the developmental ordering. Additionally, the recom- mendations for a model development course have been presented.
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Opportunities and threats in the post-antibiotic era

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The following article reviews the issue of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms to meropenem in intensive care units in Ukraine. An increase in meropenem inefficiency against microorganisms in intensive care units has been observed in the last years. The data analysis suggests a significant predominance of gram-negative flora: A. baumannii, Р. aeruginosa, Antimicrobial resistance happens when microorganisms change when they are exposed to antibiotics. Then, treatment becomes ineffective and infections persist in the body, increasing the risk of spreading to other persons. The new resistance mechanisms that are emerging and spreading globally cause that the so far applied methods of treatment do not work, threatening the human ability to resist common infectious diseases, which in turn results in prolonged infections or even death. Antimicrobial resistance occurs naturally over time, usually through genetic changes. However, the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials are accelerating this process. It has become common to overuse and misuse antibiotics both in people and animals, which are often prescribed without professional oversight. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem that affects all of society and is driven by many interconnected factors. Single, isolated interventions have limited impact. Coordinated action is required to minimise the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Subject and purpose of work: The purpose of this article is to present the vision of ECLAC - Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and its contribution to the reflections on economic development. Materials and methods: This is an exploratory and descriptive study. The first part of the paper contemplates the emergence and evolution of ECLAC thinking during its more than sixty-five years of existence. The second deals with dependency theory, ending with the current thinking proposed by ECLAC. Results: It results in a brief analysis of the moment of the globalization of the economy as an exclusionary process in the history of capitalism, emphasizing the importance of the ECLAC thinking, reinvigorated nowadays. Conclusions: It is considered that the dependency theory has been the great contribution of ECLAC thinking, with the change of focus from a viewpoint only from the prism of the central countries, to an optic from the point of view of the peripheral countries.
One of characteristic feature of contemporary data bases is their growing dynamics. The number of registered entities as well as their group structure tends to dynamically grow. In order to effectively determine the rapidly changing number and structure of clusters, appropriate methods of cluster analysis have to be applied. The paper presents the results of simulation research concerning the possibility of applying self-learning GNG neural networks in clustering data from data streams.
Two centuries ago, Asia delivered over 60 percent of world production; in the middle of the 20th century it was less than 20 percent. Currently, it is twice as large and this share is still increasing, above all but not only, because of China whose production is still growing at a rate twice as fast as the world average. China is trying to maintain high economic dynamics, inter alia, through investment external expansion. This aim is to be served, among others, by the infrastructure project, drawn up with enormous verve, known as the New Silk Road, which the Middle Kingdom addresses to 65 countries on three continents. While some hope for accelerating their own economic growth, others warn against the risk of becoming dependent on China. The article analyzes these challenges, pointing to the desired directions of irreversible evolution globalization by giving it a more inclusive character, which is also strongly emphasized by the Chinese authorities in their official enunciations.
The article discusses the current challenges of world agricultural policy in the context of globalisation of economy. First there is a presentation of the preferences in agricultural production treatment coming from the natural and economic premises. Afterwards basic measures of food policy are described with special consideration of tax-payers money transfer to the farmers. Then one can find most important determinants of restructuring policy instruments in the national and world scale of intervention. Finally we could find some possible solutions in future deliberations regarding inevitable processes and public choice of the societies. Main thesis of the article states that there is a need of liberalisation and deregulation in agricultural policy to meet free-market rules and increase the efficiency of agri-enterprises.
This paper shows the recent changes in brewery that were influenced by the globalisation, both on Polish and world market. It presents the high level of capital concentration as well as the condition and perspectives of small local breweries. It also indicates the changes in consumption and consumers’ preferences connected with the unification of habits. The article describes the impact of VAT and excise tax on Polish beer producers.
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