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Studies were carried out to identify and detect potentially toxic proteins of wheat. The gliadin fractions were subjected to chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses to develop the relevant discriminants. The spectral analysis showed that these proteins differ considerably in their tryptophan-to-tyrosine molar ratios. A standard curve was used. The gliadin fractions were identified by comparing the calculated values of the tryptophan-to-tyrosine molar ratio with the values obtained based on the amino acid sequence of wheat gliadins in the Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL database. Based on the retention times and second derivatives of UV spectra, the particular wheat gliadin fractions were classified as α/β or γ-gliadins.
Flours of four common wheat and one spelt genotypes were treated with thioredoxin-h (TR-h) in the presence of NADPH and NADP-thiore- doxin reductase to reduce intramolecular disulphide bonds in monomeric sulphur-rich prolamins. Effects on the breadmaking properties (determined by micro-baking) and gliadin's immunoreactivity (measured by Sandwich ELISA) were observed. Loaf volumes and estimated crumb of bread from TR-h-modified flours did not differ significantly from values for non-modified flours. TR-h modification significantly decreased gliadin immunoreactivity in common wheat genotypes, but only slightly decreased the reaction for spelt. These results suggest that TR-h modification may partially mitigate wheat gliadin's allergenic properties through reduction of intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Extensive genetic variations of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) and their coding genes were found in the wild diploid A- and D-genome donors of common wheat. In this study, we reported the isolation and characterization of 8 novel LMW-GS genes from Ae.longissima Schweinf. & Muschl., a species of the section Sitopsis of the genus Aegilops, which is closely related to the В genome of common wheat. Based on the N-terminal domain sequences, the 8 genes were divided into 3 groups. A consensus alignment of the extremely conserved domains with known gene groups and the subsequent cluster analysis showed that 2 out of the 3 groups of LMW-GS genes were closely related to those from the В genome, and the remaining was related to those from A and D genomes of wheat and Ae. tauschii. Using 3 sets of gene-group-specific primers, PCRs in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats and Ae. tauschii failed to obtain the expected products, indicating that the 3 groups of LMW-GS genes obtained in this study were new members of LMW-GS multi-gene famailies. These results suggested that the Sitopsis species of the genus Aegilops with novel gene variations could be used as valuable gene resources of LMW-GS. The 3 sets of group-specific primers could be utilized as molecular markers to investigate the introgression of novel alien LMW-GS genes from Ae. longissima into wheat.
Oceniono różnice odmianowe pszenżyta ozimego (Dagro, Bolero, Ugo, Malno, Tewo, ród CZR103/85) metodą porównywania diagramów elektroforetycznych gliadyn. Udział procentowy poszczególnych podjednostek gliadyn posłużył do wyznaczenia schematu diagramu badanych odmian pszenżyta. W oparciu o polimorfizm białek gliadynowych określono względne indeksy odmienności dla par odmian. Wartości tego indeksu zawierały się w granicach od 20 do 70%. Znajomość takich wskaźników można wykorzystać do oceny stopnia zróżnicowania genetycznego między odmianami i sprawdzenia efektywności krzyżowania.
The impact of Fusarium graminearum on the composition and immunoreactive properties of storage protein fractions of wheat has been evaluated. The study demonstrated that infection of non-germinated wheat grain with Fusarium graminearum does not change the immunoreactive properties of the peptides released. The electrophoretic characteristics of proteins did not show any changes in the quantitative nor qualitative composition of gliadins. Significant changes were observed in the composition of gliadin proteins isolated from germinating grain of wheat infected with Fusarium graminearum. The immunological characteristics of proteins demonstrated the presence of a polypeptide with a molecular weight ranging from 20 kDa to 24 kDa that reacted with antibodies obtained from blood of patients with gluten intolerance, which indicates that fusarium proteases may also release polypeptides potentially dangerous to health from storage proteins of wheat.
The immune response of wheat flour modified by the treatment with subtilisin under different conditions of temperature, incubation periods and the ratio of enzyme/wheat flour was investigated. Respective protein fractions, namely, albumins, globulins, gliadins and glutenins were obtained from the modified wheat flour on the basis of their diverse solubility. The particular wheat protein fractions were examined for the immune reaction by the use of an indirect non-competitive ELISA method. Commercially available antibodies, namely, monoclonal anti-human IgG and monoclonal anti-human IgE conjugates with alkaline phosphatase and human sera with elevated IgG as well as rabbit sera against QQQPP peptide were tested. The highest decrease in gliadins immunoreactivity was observed for wheat flour modified under following conditions: temperature 37°C, 18 h of incubation time and the enzyme/wheat flour ratio of 1:10 000.
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