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The study was conducted from 2013 to 2015 on 10–13-year-old apple trees cv. ‘Szampion’ (M.9. rootstock) in experimental orchard of Department of Pomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin. On the trees intensively flowering in 2013, the thinning treatments were performed as follows: thinning at the pink bud stage to the 50% of flower clusters leaving only a king flower in the remaining flower clusters; thinning at the pink bud stage to the 50% of flower clusters leaving only one lateral flower in the remaining flower clusters, thinning 4 weeks after full bloom to the 50% of fruit clusters leaving only a fruit from king flower in the remaining fruit clusters, thinning 4 weeks after full bloom to the 50% of fruit clusters leaving only one fruit from lateral flower in the remaining fruit clusters. Intensively flowering control trees in 2013 and poorly flowering trees in 2013 were left unthinned. The best results in terms of regularity of yielding and high-quality fruits after thinning at pink bud stage to king flower, were obtained. The largest fluctuations in yields were observed with the control tree that flowered poorly in the beginning of the study. It was found that the cultivar ‘Szampion’ is characterized by equal distribution of fruits in lower and middle parts of crown, however in the top of crown, the amount of fruits is significantly lower. Apples with the largest mean fruit weight were from spurs on wood older than two years. However the best flesh firmness, soluble solids and dry matter content was detected in fruits from brindles.
Scallop squash fruits may be harvested at different stages of development. Small size fruits, intended both for the fresh market and the food industry, have the highest biological value. This study was conducted to determine the yield potential of scallop squash cultivars (‘Polo F1’, ‘Disco’, ‘Gagat’, ‘Okra’, ‘Sunny Delight F1’) grown on mulched (black polyethylene foil or black agrotextile) or unmulched soil, and harvested when fruits reached a diameter of 3–6 cm. Based on 3-year average data, the highest marketable and early yield was produced by ‘Sunny Delight F1’. This cultivar is also appreciated by consumers for its yellow colored skin of fruits. Another advantage of this cultivar was its high nutritional value expressed by the highest content of dry matter, vitamin C, polyphenols and minerals (K, P, Ca, Mg), with limited tendency to nitrate accumulation. Among the other cultivars tested, ‘Okra’ showed high yield potential, ‘Gagat’ was a rich source of carotenoids, and ‘Disco’ – polyphenols. Black polyethylene foil and black agrotextile appeared to be equally effective mulching materials. The benefit from the application of mulch was a significant increase in yield without any change in the chemical composition of the fruit.
Strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) are valued by consumers for their high nutritional qualities, taste and visual values. In this work the literature review was made about the influence of different factors on sugar, organic acids, vitamin C, poliphenols and antocyanins content in strawberry fruits. It was found, that selection of strawberry cultivar combined with agricultural practices have the essential meaning to obtain the required yield parameters.
The research was intended to analyse the response of five papaya varieties to phosphorus fertilization in tidal swamp areas. The research was conducted at the Peatland Project (PLG) in Mentangai, Kapuas, Central Kalimantan, from August 2007 to April 2008. A split plot design was used. The main plot had the following P appli­cation: 100; 200; 300 g P/plant, and the subplot had the following varieties of papaya: Bt1; Bt2; Bt3; Bt4; Bt7. There were 3 replications and 10 plants per unit of treatment. The observed parameters were: (1) vegetative growth (plant height, stem diameter, internode number); (2) and fruit quality (fruit number, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit circumference, flesh thickness, and total soluble solid). The research result showed that four of five papaya varieties, namely Bt1, Bt2, Bt4, and Bt7 proved to have a higher growth and production response than Bt3. Therefore, the four varieties Bt1, Bt2, Bt4, and Bt7, show good prospects for development in the tidal swamp areas. P application affected significantly plant height only, but did not have an effect on other parameters of plant growth and fruiting. These findings could be used as a guide for choosing varieties suitable for cultivation in the tidal swamp areas.
The knowledge on nematodes occurrence in Polish vineyards is poor. The surveys of the species from the rhizosphere of plants were conducted between 2013 and 2014 in 12 vineyards in the northwestern part of Poland. Recovery of the nematodes was made in two steps. First, through incubation of 50 g of the roots on sieve. Second, by centrifugation method using 200 g of soil. Nematodes obtained were killed by hot 6% formaline and then processed to glycerine. Permanent slides were determined to the species using keys. During this process there were obtained nematode species from which 12 belonged to genus of fungivorous, 4 to genus of bacteriavorous and 38 to plant parasitic species. Ten of them are known as nematode vectors of plant viruses (GYFV, CLRV, TRV, AMV, SLRV, GLRaV-1, -2, -3, GVA, GVB, GVE, GFLV, GCMV, GrSPaV, GFkV, GRSPaV). Nematode fauna of vineyards needs broadly searching, especially nematode vectors of plant viruses, which are serious enemy to the vineyards. Studies on Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi in vine plants disease complex are necessary.
Tomato is well known regarding its quality and nutritional value in all over the world but imbalances of fertilizer nutrients severely affect the quality of tomato. To investigate the specific contribution of potassium to yield and quality of tomato, a field experiment was conducted on two tomato cultivars, Nagina and Roma. Foliar application with varying levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0%) of potassium solutions was applied to the plants and compared with control (without K). Exogenous application of 0.6% K significantly improved plant height, lycopene content, potassium, fruit weight and diameter. Exogenous application of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7% K maximally improved ascorbic acid contents of both tomato cultivars whereas 0.4 and 0.8% did not improve ascorbic acid contents. Due to positive correlation between K nutrition and fruit quality attributes, exogenous application of an appropriate K level can contribute to higher yield and better quality of tomato fruits. Among all potassium levels, 0.5–0.7% K maximally improved performance of tomato plants of both cultivars.
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A commercial GLOBALG.A.P. standard and an integrated production system are the most popular methods to ensure the quality and safety of fruits. The implementation thereof in fruit farms is a consequence of food law requirements and expectations of consumers who want to consume products that are of high quality and, in the first place, safe for health. The implementation of those quality assurance (QA) methods is a prerequisite for selling products to large international retail chains at home and abroad. Motives for and barriers to application of QA methods were identified based on a survey of fruit growers, including those who implemented a GLOBALG.A.P. standard, and on interviews with experts. It was found that the major motives for implementing QA systems in orchard farms in Poland were the following: increased sale opportunities, entering new markets with products, and meeting customer requirements. Amidst the major barriers were the lack of economic incentives and the lack of knowledge about the methods and systems of quality assurance.
Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) suffers from the attack of various pests throughout its different stages of the crop growth. Different insecticides are used to control these pest infestations. The application of these insecticides on brinjal plants may have an effect on their quality and nutritional parameters of fruit samples. In the present study effect of three different insecticides viz. Triazophos 40% E.C. Carbaryl 50% W.D.P, Cypermethrin 10% E.C. and Azadiractin 10,000 ppm formulation belonging to different groups namely organophosphate, carbamate, synthetic pyrethroids and botanical insecticide on brinjal fruit quality, nutritional parameters and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in field conditions. The results showed that different insecticides at field application dose showed minute insignificant variation in fruit nutritional and total antioxidant activity parameters in comparison to the control samples. The fruit quality parameters also showed minute variation in comparison to the control, except in the case of Triazophos treated samples which showed significant variation (p<0.05) in total soluble sugar content and crude protein.
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