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Innovation for food safety

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Safe food production and establishing food security are tasks which all actors in the food chain are actively involved in and can only be met if the participants are willing to constantly adopt to ever more varied and stringent requirements. The study, using examples from Hungary, reveals that agricultural food companies can create and apply solutions through imitation, adaptive innovation and by responding, in realtime, to market situations, thus leading to resource efficiency and competitiveness. To attain the aforementioned, all the presented case study reports require the acquisition of information, an open-minded approach and sound managerial skills. Primarily, there is a need for cooperation among the food chain participants, especially from the side of small and medium farms.
The accumulation of elements in biocenoses of aquatic ecosystems depends primarily on the forms of elements in the environment. The bioaccumulation coefficient (BC) is a measure of the intensity of an elements uptake of trace by living organisms. Manganese is an essential element for both plant and animal organisms. However, its excess may cause a toxic effect, i.e. it disturbs the activity of synapses, thus leading to an impaired functioning of the central nervous system. This study focused on the accumulation of manganese in individual links of an aquatic ecosystem food chain under conditions of extensive carp farming. The BC values were computed and the pollution degree of the fish pond was estimated. The investigations were conducted in a fish pond situated in Mydlniki and fed with water from the Rudawa River. Water, bottom sediment, benthic organisms (Diptera Chironomidae larvae) and carps were sampled from the pond. Organs most strongly involved in the metal metabolism (gills, gonads, liver and muscles) were prepared from sampled carps. Manganese concentrations were determined in all samples using atomic emission spectroscopy after wet mineralization of samples in a closed system in a microwave mineralizer. The concentrations of manganese in the abiotic elements of pond ecosystems were low and should not pose any threat of its excessive accumulation in living organisms. However, the manganese concentrations in the benthic organisms and in the analyzed carp organs were high. Similarly, other authors found high manganese concentration in fish living in the environments polluted with this element. The value of manganese enrichment coefficient for the bottom sediments in relation to its water concentration was high. The biggest manganese content was assessed in gills, then in the liver and gonads, and the smallest one - in carp muscles. Manganese BCs in the gills of carps in relation to its content in water and bottom sediments were 176.6 and 0.08, respectively. The BC values in relation to the manganese concentration in water were much higher, but lower in comparison to its content in bottom sediments than reported elsewhere. This confirms that the BC for manganese in gills varies depending on the water pollution level.
The goal of this work was the isolation of PCBs from different environmental matrices by means of solid-phase (SPE) extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The analyses include the determination of PCBs in fourteen samples of transformer oils and different kinds of fodders (for poul­try, pigs, and cattle). The recovery rates for different congeners were on the level of 75-85%. The detec­tion limits of five congeners of PCBs were in the range 85 to 130 ug/kg. The RSD was on the level of 2.7 - 4.4%. The Ishikawa diagram was used for evaluation of uncertainty.
Risk assessment is a tool to estimate food safety for health. It is also one of components of risk analysis. The aim of this paper was to analyze a chosen food chain “from field to table” and related potential hazards for human health. The material of the research were a feed production plant, a farm, a meat production plant and the distribution chain. The research method were audits and surveys in all links of the examined chain, verification of used food safety assurance systems as well as the analysis of product quality assessment data. On the basis of performed research, it was observed, that there are two main hazards to the safety of end-user products: Salmonella bacteria and mycotoxins.
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Food safety is the most significant issue for any entity that operates in the food chain; it is also a prerequisite for entering the market and, in most of the countries, it is guaranteed by law. Advanced solutions in medicine, food science, technology and production processes, implementing the HACCP system and good practices are very useful, though they are not able to prevent food safety hazards, in particular the human factor-dependent risks. Such factors as inappropriate behaviour of employees, failure to follow set practices, procedures, norms or values are deemed to be proof of lacking food safety culture. The objective of the article is to present a methodology to measure and assess food safety culture and to explain it using the example of two medium- sized food manufacturing companies in Poland. The methodology applied includes 15 aspects of food safety culture that were categorized into 6 elements. That methodology made it possible to identify both the level of particular elements of food safety culture and the its overall level that was rated as excelling on the basis of the survey performed. The methodology at issue can be recommended for applications by other organizations in the food industry.
Hybrid coordination systems (marketing cooperatives and contracts) are in place in agriculture to link smallholder farmers to the global agri-food value chains. With the framework of transaction cost economics, this study, however, is particularly designed to investigate the key determinants pushing dairy farmers to hybrids (marketing cooperatives and contracts), viz. spot market channels in the local food chains. A household survey of 415 smallholder dairy farmers was designed. Data collection was administered using trained enumerators. A multinomial logistic regression model was employed to analyze data and to identify the signifi cant determinants. The results indicate that high transaction costs and resource constraints were found driving farmers to cooperative engagement and contracts, implying that hybrids were found to be a solution to farmers’ constraints of access to information and institutional absence, as well as resource constraints. Policy makers and development partners are advised to strengthen cooperative societies and contract enforcement mechanisms. Providing information and resources to increase smallholders’ capacity with resources appear to be interventions which will enable the agricultural marketing system to properly function by serving smallholders in linking to the global food chains.
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Role of Nanoplanktons in Marine food-webs

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Nanoplanktons are ubiquitous protozoan zooplankton in a size range of 2 to 20 μm, play key ecological roles in aquatic ecosystems. Heterotrophic nanoflagellates are distributed through the continental shelf and margin area of the oceans as well as deep-sea. These organisms contribute significantly to the total living biomass within these systems, serve as the major top–down control on bacterial assemblages, and are an important source of mortality for microalgae and other heterotrophic nanoflagellates. From many recent studies, it is generally accepted that HNF is one of the most important bacterial consumers. They also function as important remineralizers of organic matter and nutrients in aquatic systems. In accordance with these important ecological roles, heterotrophic nanoflagellates have been the subject of considerable study both in the field and laboratory.
Research and practice are focusing on development, validation and harmonization of technologies and methodologies to ensure complete traceability process throughout the food chain. The main goals are: scale-up, implementation and validation of methods in whole food chains, assurance of authenticity, validity of labelling and application of HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control point) to the entire food chain. The current review is to sum the scientific and technological basis for ensuring complete traceability. Tracing and tracking (traceability) of foods are complex processes due to the (bio)markers, technical solutions and different circumstances in different technologies which produces various foods (processed, semi-processed, or raw). Since the food is produced for human or animal consumption we need suitable markers to be stable and traceable all along the production chain. Specific biomarkers can have a function in technology and in nutrition. Such approach would make this development faster and more comprehensive and would make possible that food effect could be monitored with same set of biomarkers in consumer. This would help to develop and implement food safety standards that would be based on real physiological function of particular food component.
The purpose of the present review is to conduct a detailed description of mercury cycling and accumulation within the freshwater ecosystem and to identify natural chemical and biological processes which affect mercury availability in the aquatic environment.
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