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Opisthorchis noverca, a parasite of canine hosts and man, has been recovered from pigs on several occasions. One cow, of a total of 1012 slaughtered cattle, examined in Shillong, India, was found infected with this fluke along with a heavy infection of Fasciola gigantica. A comparative SEM study on the surface topography of the flukes originating from pigs and cattle revealed differences in the shape of the tegumental spines. Opisthorchis infection hitherto has not been reported from bovine hosts.
The energy metabolism of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, offers good examples of adaptations in metabolism in parasitic helminths. Adaptations in the metabolism of parasitic helminths are twofold. On the one hand, adaptations occur to the fact that for the parasitic stages, the environment (host) provides many substrates that can be used directly for anabolic as well as catabolic purposes. Therefore, parasitic stages have lost (parts of) many of the anabolic pathways common to non-parasitic organisms. On the other hand, parasitic helminths continuously adapt their metabolism to the different environments they encounter during their life cycle, while alternating between free-living and parasitic stages. In this review the carbohydrate metabolism of F. hepatica will be discussed as model system for these adaptations. Adaptations to the parasitic way of life, as well as to the changing environment will be presented. Special attention will be paid to transitions in carbohydrate metabolism during the development in the final host, from an aerobic energy metabolism in the juvenile liver fluke to an anaerobic one in the mature adult. Changes in the electron-transport chain, including the quinone used in the different types of metabolism, will also be discussed.
Surface microtopographical details of Catatropis indicus inhabiting the intestine of Gallus gallus dom. have been studied using scanning electron microscope. The elongated body of the fluke is free from any spines; however, tegument surrounding the oral sucker is provided with domed uniciliated papillae. Twelve pairs of gland-like ventral papillae are present on each side of the mid-ventral ridge. Four types of tegumental structures viz., blunt elongated, pointed elongated, scale-like short with round tip, and cilia-like densely packed, are present on the ventral surface. The dorsal surface is free of any papillated structures.
A parasitological survey of 396 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) from the Principat d'Andorra, 34 Spanish provinces and Serra da Malcata (Portugal) was carried out to evaluate the fluke status of this wild canid in the Iberian Peninsula. Special attention was devoted to the epidemiological role of this canid in maintaining the potential zoonotic distomatosis. Four fluke species were detected: adults of Brachylaima sp., Alaria alata, Opistorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis. Seventeen foxes (4.3%) were infected by at least one of these digeneans. All flukes with an aquatic life cycle were found mainly (26.9%) in a delimited zone (called zone A), characterised by high amount surface water, with A. alata being the most prevalent species (19.2%). Metorchis bilis is more frequently and widely distributed throughout Iberia than O. felineus. Since both flukes have a very similar life cycle, this might be the result of a distinct distribution pattern of their appropriate snails. This study shows that a relatively large natural focus of potential zoonotic flukes (zone A) is located in central Iberia, near the boundary of Portugal with Spain.
Histochemical assays were made to study the activity of the following respiratory enzymes: α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase in tissues of Fasciola hepatica during the parasite’s development in the liver of the definitive host. The respiratory enzyme activity was assessed in the tegument, parenchyma, oral sucker, and in the caecum of juvenile and adult F. hepatica inhabiting the host’s liver parenchyma (infection week 1 to 4) and bile ducts (infection week 5-7), respectively. Changes in the intensity of the parasite’s reaction to the dehydrogenases studied were found to be habitat-dependent (liver parenchyma vs. bile ducts). No cytochrome oxidase activity was detected in F. hepatica tissues.
In the course of a parasitological survey carried out on Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Pleuronectiformes) from the eastern part of the Bering Sea (North Pacific) a single specimen of a monogenean fluke was found. The parasite, later identified as Pseudacanthocotyla williamsi (Price, 1938) Yamaguti, 1963 has never been found on a Greenland halibut. This fish species has been considered an atypical host for all monogeneans of the family Acanthocotylidae. The present work contains a detailed redescription of the parasite found.
Nine species of larval flukes, Notocotylus attenuatus, Echinostoma revolutum, Echinoparyphium aconiatum, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Plagiorchis elegans, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, Australapatemon minor, Cotylurus sp., and Trichobilharzia ocellata were found in Lymnaea stagnalis in lake Kuuhankavesi (central Finland). Two species, P. elegans and E. aconiatum, are a new records from Finland and L. stagnalis was recognized as proper host for H. conoideum. In comparison with the records of Wikgren (1956) who found ten species of cercariae in L. stagnalis from the Tvärminne archipelago, our investigations revealed only five of these species: N. attenuatus, E. revolutum, D. pseudospathaceum (correct specific name for Wikgren’s D. spathaceum), Australapatemon minor (correct generic and specific names for Wikgren’s Apatemon gracilis) and T. ocellata. After Wikgren’s study on Tvärminne archipelago and Väyrynen from Northern Finland, the lake Kuuhankavesi (central Finland) are the third locality in Finland where larval trematodes have been studied.
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