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Anthocyanin spot on the leaves of red clover is inherited independently of light spot and uniform leaf colour. The gene determining anthocyanin spot is probably localized on the other chromosome than the gene determining light spot on the leaves. A short flower tube is also determined by a single recessive gene of a pleiotropic action. It simultaneously causes reduction of pistil style, thickening of the endothecium layer in anthers - entails their indehiscence, pollen grain-agglutination and often deformation, no division of part of pollen grains into a vegetative and generative cells as well as germination of single grains in pollen sacks. The changes in the structure of endothecium and pollen grains cause almost complete male and female infertility of plants with short flower tubes.
Ectopic pregnancy has been described in humans and different animal species, among them in pet, farm and laboratory animals. This phenomenon is also known in rodents; in chinchilla, however, it is recognized only sporadically. In the present case a 5-year-old female chinchilla was brought to the clinic because of prolonged gestation. During clinical examination the poor health of the animal was determined, including anorexia, lethargy and apathy. An enlarged abdomen was also visible. Ultrasound examination of the abdomen revealed the spherical structure of non-homogenous echogenity with hyperechogenic areas typical for bone tissue. The X-ray examination showed a mineralized fetal skeleton. A dead fetus was identified. Ventral midline laparotomy was performed under general anesthesia using medetomidine, butorphanol and ketamine. In the abdominal cavity an encapsulated spherical mass without connection to surrounding internal organs was found. A significant volume of dense puss and a developed dead fetus were removed from the body. The uterus seemed to be intact, without visible damage. The body weight of the animal was 918 g before surgery, and 517 g afterwards. The fetus’s prenatal status was suspected. It appeared to be initially developed inside the uterus and later came out due to uterus rupture into the abdominal cavity where it was encapsulated in the following period. Seven months after the surgery the next pregnancy was diagnosed. The presented case has confirmed the possibility of ectopic pregnancy in this animal species with the ability of fertility afterwards.
Environmental estrogens may be derived from plants (phytoestrogens), pharmaceuticals or synthetic compounds. They exert estrogenic and/or potentially antiestrogenic effects on farm animals, wildlife and humans. Exposure to these compounds results in some abnormalities in the reproductive tract, changes in the estrous cycle, and possibly protection against the development of hormone- dependent cancer. The data obtained from animal studies suggest that the timing of exposure to phytoestrogens is important, and neonatal exposure causes the most pronounced effects.
Progressive decline in fertility and sperm quality has been reported over the last few decades, especially in industrialized nations. It has been proposed that exposure to factors that induce damage in DNA of spermatogenic cells may significantly contribute to impaired fertility. Here, the 32P-postlabelling method was used to analyze the levels of bulky DNA adducts in sperm cells in a group of 179 volunteers, either healthy subjects or patients with an impaired fertility. The levels of DNA adducts were 1.35-fold higher in the infertile group as compared to healthy individuals (P = 0.012). Similarly, a significant negative correlation between the levels of DNA adducts and measures of semen quality (sperm concentration and motility) has been observed (P < 0.001). In addition, the levels of bulky DNA adducts in sperm cells positively corre­lates with amounts of leukocytes in semen, which were significantly higher in semen of infertile subjects.
In the progeny of a hybrid obtained after crossing local Polish and local Bulgarian white clover genotypes one octoploid (2n=64) plant was selected. In view of difficulties to obtain seeds, the octoploid plant was vegetatively propagated. The progeny of the octoploid obtained as a result of self- and cross-pollination of cloned plants was examined and compared to related tetraploids with respect to morphological characters, fertility and embryo sac structure. Vegetative and generative organs of the octoploid were slightly larger than those of tetraploids. The number of flowers per head was larger in the octoploid than in tetraploid plants. The spontaneous octoploid appeared to have a low fertility after both cross- and self- pollination. It was most probably caused by low pollen viability, by decline of megasporocyte and megagametocyte in the process of ontogenesis and by a smaller ovule number per ovary. Seeds of octoploids were partially underdeveloped and only 23.85% of them gave rise to seedlings.
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