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The study was concerned with the effect of the percentage share of meat material, plant material and extrusion temperature on the process run and physical properties of extrudates. Meat-bone pulp (MBP) from mechanical de-boning of poultry carcasses, faba bean wholemeal, and barley grain meal were used in this study. The extrusion process was conducted using a twin-screw extruder with counter-rotating conical screws. It was demonstrated that the extruder used in this study permits the processing of blends with up to 25% meat-bone material content. The extrudates obtained were characterised by a loose, gritty-like granular form. Pellet durability index (PDI) of extrudates ranged from 60.30 to 96.24%. Increase in the content of MBP caused a decrease of PDI. Increase of the percentage share of MBP from 5 to 10% caused an increase of the water absorption index (WAI). However, no clear pattern was observed for WAI value as a result of increases in MBP above the 10% level. Likewise, no significant effect of MBP on the water solubility index (WSI) was noted. Extrusion temperature increase from 130 to 250°C caused an increase in PDI. Analysis of microstructure revealed a significant effect of process temperature on the structure of extrudates. At higher temperatures the formation of fibrous structures was observed, that might be responsible for increasing the PDI. Only slight, but statistically significant changes in the values of WSI and WAI, caused by process temperature change, were noted.
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Density of silage stored in horizontal silos

84%
The objective of this study was to identify the effect of silage density on quality and efficiency of crop preservation. Feed quality is reduced in loosely packed silos because of decreased dry mater and nutrient losses from aerobic deterioration. Adequate packing in the silo to attain the minimum recommended density of dry matter is a challenge. This study estimates how packing tractor weight, silage dry matter, rate of fill and blade layer work together to effect dry matter density. Increasing packing tractor weight, number of packing tractors and reducing layer thickness result in increased dry matter density. High density in horizontal silos minimises losses and reduces storage costs. High density reduces the porosity of the crop and a higher density increases the storage capacity of the silo. Density increased from top to bottom of horizontal silos and significant difference in silage densities across the face of the pile are noted. Lower densities are consistently registered along silo walls, therefore extra attention should be paid to packing along the silo walls. Using a heavy tractor with narrow tyres could be a way to reduce feed losses. Only an experienced operator should be employed to pack along a wall with a heavy tractor. Silage should not be packed too high or too steep, as that could increase the likelihood of rolling the packing tractor over. Silage density in horizontal silo is most strongly influenced by packing layer thickness (L), tractor weight (mv), packing time per ton as-fed (tu ) and dry matter content (DM). Muck and Holmes (2000) proposed that the relationship between these four factors forms the packing factor (PF). Silage density is moreover influenced by delivery rate, moisture content, dimensions of the horizontal silo and particle length.
This research was carried out to determine the effects of bacterial silage inoculant using as silage additives on the fermentation charakteristics, cell wall contents and aerobic stability of maize silages. Maize silage was harvested in the 89 (BBCH) developmental ripening stage. Biological additive was used as additive which contains Enterococcus faecium PCM 1858, Pediococcus acidilactici PAL-34, Lactobacillus plantarum PCM 493, Lactobacillus buchneri DSMZ 5987, Lactobacillus rhamnosus PCM 489, Lactobacillus brevis PCM 488, Lactobacillus lactis PCM 2379. Maize was ensiled in 4 dm3 special PCV laboratory microsilos with a cover permitting gaseous products. The microsilos were stored at 10–15±2şC undr laboratory conditions. Microsilos from each group were sampled for microbiological and chemical analyses on the days 3, 14, 21 and 60 after ensiling, whereas aerobic stability was determined after 7 days. As a result, bacterial silage inoculant improved fermentation, decreased cell wall contents, deoxynivalenol (DON) concenration, do not improved aerobic stability of maize silage after 7 days exposure to air.
Experiment was conducted with 36 dairy cows (in II-VI lactation), divided as analogues to three groups per 12 weeks (3 weeks before calving to 0 day – day of calving and second period first 70 days of lactation): group I – without glycerin supplement, group II – 300 ml·head-1·day-1 and III – 500 ml·head-1·day-1 supplemented to daily feed ration. All cows were fed two kinds of TMR, according to DLG requirements for each physiological phases: for dry period and for the first 100 days of lactation. The body condition, feed intake, milk production, milk chemical composition and main blood metabolites as glucose, BHB, NEFA were analyzed in experimental period. Total milk production or mean daily milk yield in group II and III was higher in 10 weeks of lactation in comparison to control group about 14.6 and 12.5% respectively. With increase dose of glycerin the protein level in milk was increased (P<0.05). In group III in 3rd week of lactation the concentration of BHB in blood serum was higher but glucose lower in comparison to other groups. The concentration of NEFA in blood serum in group III in 1st and 3rd weeks of lactation and in group II in 3rd week after calving was lower in comparison to control (I) group. The feed intake (in DM) of TMR was better in both groups with supplemented glycerin in comparison to control, especially between 4. and 9. week of lactation (P<0.05). At 70 days in cows fed TMR with glycerin better body score condition index was observed in comparison to control (P<0.05).
The field experiments were carried out in 1994–1996 and were aimed at determining the nutritional value of mixtures containing Trifolium pratense L. + Lolium perenne L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum and Lolium x boucheanum Kunth. and Trifolium pratense L. + Festuca pratensis Huds.. Based on the botanical analysis, chemical composition and nutritional value, an attempt has been made to determine the variability of the parameters depending on the grass species. The percentages of grasses varied significantly and the variability expressed in the coefficient of variance ranged from 44 to 72.
Ruń łąkową pierwszego pokosu w fazie kłoszenia się traw zakiszano w ilości ok. 100 kg w wersji kontrolnej (bez dodatku) lub z dodatkiem koncentratu ukwaszonej serwatki (0,5%; 1%; 1,5%; 2%; 2,5%; 3%, i 3,5% zakiszanej masy). Koncentrat ukwaszonej serwatki (65% suchej masy, 25% kwasu mlekowego, 30% laktozy, 10% popiołu) wyprodukowano przez dobór odpowiednich szczepów bakterii fermentacji mlekowej, które pozwoliły na ukwaszenie serwatki do ok. 100° SH i przez 10-krotne zagęszczenie, co zapewniło trwałość koncentratu. W celu równomiernego rozprowadzenia koncentratu w zakiszanym surowcu, rozcieńczono go przed użyciem wodą do ok. 40% zawartości suchej masy. Stwierdzano, że zastosowanie dodatku koncentratu ukwaszonej serwatki do zakiszanej runi łąkowej w ilości od 0,5% do 3,5% wpłynęło na obniżenie udziału N-NH3 w N ogólnym, spadek zawartości alkoholu i kwasu octowego, zdecydowany wzrost udziału kwasu mlekowego i bardzo dobrą jakość kiszonek (wg skali Fliega-Zimmera i klucza królewieckiego). Stwierdzono podwyższenie wartości energetycznej kiszonek doświadczalnych (w wyniku wyższej koncentracji substancji organicznej i cukrów rozpuszczalnych), podwyższenie wartości pokarmowej białka (PDIN i PDIE) oraz wyraźne ograniczenie strat β-karotenu.
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