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Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH-s) in sewage sludges is necessary before utilizing the sludges in agriculture, especially in industrial regions. Separation of PAHs has been the most difficult step of analysis. In this work, PAHs were separated by extraction. The best extraction solvents were chosen after reviewing literature. A new method of determining the partition coefficient has been proposed and applied to check if the chosen solvents were good enough for the present purposes. The results have shown that in the case of methanol and dimethylfor- mamide, extraction was nearly complete but the problems of finding a better solvent and mixing the solvents remained.
The effect of different solvents on extraction with liquid carbon dioxide was studied. Extracted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were applied on Sephadex C-50 gel. The model PAHs were phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene. It is stated that the percentage of PAH model extractions was diminished when water-immiscible solvents (cyclohexane, chloroform and benzene) and methanol were added to the system. The addition of acetone and dimethylformamide caused increases in extraction percentage. The optimum content of both these solvents was shown to be approximately 0.8% in relation to the volume of C02 used .Under these conditions, a single extraction in the presence of acetone made it possible to recover 67% of phenanthrene, 62% of pyrene and 86% of benzo(a)pyrene, whereas in the presence of dimethylformamide these numbers were 66%, 80% and 9%, respectively.
The paper presents data on acquisition of conifer cones from 16 seed extraction plants operating on the territory of Poland during four consecutive years from 2009 to 2012. A high variability was observed in provision of seed units to the seed exaction plants related to specificity of a given seed year. During the four analyzed years the most commonly acquired cone was that of Scots pine – above 1.3 thousand Mg, and the most rare were pines of common fir – 31 Mg. The plants that process the largest number of cones are seed extraction plants in forest districts of Jarocin, Kluczbork and Rytel where over 600 Mg of cones were extracted. Conifer cones, which are usually treated as waste, may be utilized as an energy source. After seed extraction their mass decreases from 16 to 30% depending on the species. The analysis showed that the annual quantity of conifer cones that can be used as an energy source is on average 270 Mg of empty cones.
The application of microwave techniques for environmental sample preparation is described. Special attention has been given to the theoretical foundations and the possibilities of using microwave radiation in mineralization and extraction. These techniques are compared with conventional methods and examples of their application are supplied.
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