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This paper analyzes energy sources climate northeastern Montenegro, in the example municipalities Berane, Andrijevica and Plav in a geographical context its exploitation and use. Analyzed GeoScape from the standpoint of utilization of wind energy lose their its attractiveness due to high altitude mountain ranges that dominate in given area, it is the windy areas, often the located on slopes of the mountains, and most of them did not connected to the existing road network and infrastructure. The use of solar thermal energy is possible only with the help of passive solar architecture and active solar architecture (solar collectors for water heating and space heating in homes and tourist facilities). Program development and use of renewable energy in Montenegro, given the Energy Law of 2010 in which Montenegro has implemented parts of EU directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of energy from renewable sources.
Open-cut excavations formed as a result of exploitation of mineral deposits are the least studied ecological sites. Habitat heterogenity is reflected by remarkable floristic and phytocoenotic diversity. Being isolated by the surrounding vegetation of contrasting types – they can be considered as “habitat islands”. Twenty excavations (area from 100 m² to 2 ha) were selected – 10 located in cropland, 10 – in coniferous forest. The intensiveness of gravel pit exploitation was differentiated. Some of them were exploited, other ones were abandoned 10–30 years ago. The floristic records were taken during summer period in each pit and in near-by vegetation at the distance not larger than 200 m. As much as 280 species of vascular plants were found in 10 selected gravel pits surrounded by coniferous forest communities, which contained only 111 taxa. The flora of mid-field excavations was definitely richer that the flora of their surroundings. Sörensen’s similarity index (So ) for mid-forest gravel pits and their surroundings ranged between 27% and 40% while that for midfield gravel pits and their neighbourhood – from 15% to over 27%. The U Mann-Whitney test demonstrated that the number of species noted in selected gravel pits significantly differed from that in the surrounding. It was true for both (mid-forest Z = 3.70; P = 0.00021) and mid-field gravel pits (Z = 3.78; P = 0.00016). Native species were dominating in the flora of both mid-field and mid-forest excavations (77% and 82 % respectively). Hemicryptophytes were found to dominate (46%) over other groups of life forms in both types of gravel pits. A high contribution of terophytes – over 19% in mid-forest excavations and over 25% in mid-field ones is noteworthy. The results showed that gravel pits could play a role of enclaves for natural and semi-natural vegetation thus acting as local centres of floristic diversity in human modified monotonous agricultural or monospecies pine forest landscape.
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