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The experiment took place in 2006 and 2008. In 2007, the study did not take place due to severe damage to the buds and flowers caused by a spring frost. The subjects of the experiment were 14-year-old 'Sampion' apple trees grafted on the MM 106 rootstock. The auxin NAA, at the concentrations of 20 and 60 mgl-1, and ethephon, at the concentrations of 200 and 600 mg l-1, were used in the experiment. Spraying was carried out at the end of blooming, after 80% of the petals had fallen off the crown. Five days after spraying, the quantity of ethylene evolved from the fruitlets was measured. Large quantities of ethylene evolving were observed after spraying with ethephon, especially when used at 600 mg l-1. Spraying with auxin solutions caused large quantities of ethylene to be observed only during the first year of the study, two days after spraying with the 60 mg l-1 solution of NAA. From the third day after spraying with NAA, ethylene evolution from the fruitlets was observed to be only slightly higher than in the control. During the second year of the study, treatment with NAA caused a slight increase in ethylene evolution only during the first day after treatment. During subsequent days the evolved quantity of ethylene did not differ significantly from the control. In spite of the significant difference in the quantity of the ethylene evolved from the fruitlets, the percentage of the fruitlets was similar after using the agents at the higher concentrations: ethephon at 600 mgl-1 and NAA at 60 mgl-1, as well as at the lower concentrations. The treatments had only a slight influence on the reduction in the total yield. However, they were found to have a favourable influence on fruit size. The results of the study show a higher percentage of fruit with a diameter exceeding 7 cm in the total yield.
The effect of ethephon applied at seedling on accumulation of earotenoid pigments in fruit of hot pepper Capsicum annuum L. var Bronowicka Ostra was studied. Ethephon was found to stimulate fruit maturation. The mass of ripe fruit from the second and third harvest increased by more than 44% on average compared to controls. Fruit from the third harvest had higher content of red pigment capsanthin (11% on average) and ß-earotene (14%), and ß-cryptoxanthin-provitamin A (18%) than control fruit. The increase in the level of these pigments was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of zeaxanthin and disappearance of neoxanthin. Supposedly ethephon regulates fruit maturation by stimulating carotenogenesis.
This study assessed the effects of different doses of ethephon and gibberellin A3 on germination and α- and β-amylase activity in Amaranthus caudatus seeds exposed to different levels of salt stress. NaCl at 25 and 50 mM only delayed germination; at 75, 100 and 125 mM it caused 50%, 90% and 99.5% inhibition of Amaranthus caudatus seed germination. Both ethephon and GA3 (0.01, 0.1, 0.3 mM) effectively counteracted inhibition of seed germination under salinity. The stimulatory effect of ethephon appeared earlier, and the seeds were more sensitive to ethephon than to GA3. Ethephon enabled seed germination in the presence of all NaCl concentrations (75, 100, 125 mM) even after 24 h. GA3 alleviated inhibition caused by 75 and 100 mM NaCl until 48 h and did not affect reduction of germination caused by NaCl at 125 mM. NaCl (100 mM) reduced α- and β-amylase activity and seed germination after 14 h, and enhanced α-amylase activity after 20 h, although germination was reduced. Ethephon and GA3 increased α- but not β-amylase activity under salt stress during the first 14 h of incubation
Amaranthus caudatus L. seed germination was studied under different levels of water deficit induced by PEG 6000 in laboratory conditions. PEG at osmotic potentials -0.2 to -0.3 MPa at 24°C in darkness delayed germination and reduced final germination percentage. PEG solutions at osmotic potential lower than -0.3 MPa almost totally blocked seed germination. Ethephon was much more effective than GA3 in reversing PEG-caused inhibition of A. caudatus seed germination. PEG decreased α-amylase activity after 14 h incubation. It decreased β-amylase activity after 14 and 20 h, and caused an increase in total dehydrogenase activity only after 20 h of incubation. Unlike GA3, ethephon increased α-amylase activity in seeds after 12 and 14 h of incubation under water deficit. After 20 h of incubation there was no difference in α-amylase activity in any of the treatments. Neither ethephon nor GA3 affected the activity of β-amylase and dehydrogenase.
Zbadano wpływ fluropirimidolu w stężeniach: 7,5 mg‧dm⁻³, 15 mg‧dm⁻³, 30 mg‧dm⁻³, 60 mg‧dm⁻³, oraz etefonu w stężeniach: 500 mg‧dm⁻³, 1000 mg‧dm⁻³, 2000 mg‧dm⁻³ oraz 4000 mg‧dm⁻³, na elongację pędów i trwałość ciętych kwiatów tulipana ‘Apeldoorn’s Elite’ i ‘Rococo’. Stwierdzono, że wzrost w wazonie pędów odmiany ‘Apeldoorn’s Elite’ skutecznie ogranicza opryskiwanie ich lub 20 godzinne kondycjonowanie po ścięciu w roztworze fluropirimidolu w stężeniu 60 mg‧dm⁻³. Wydłużanie się pędów odmiany ‘Rococo’ najskuteczniej hamuje fluropirimidol w stężeniu 60 mg‧dm⁻³ stosowany w formie 20 godzinnego kondycjonowania przed umieszczeniem kwiatów w wazonie. Kondycjonowanie w roztworze fluropirimidolu o stężeniu 60 mg‧dm⁻³ wykazuje pozytywny wpływ na trwałość ciętych kwiatów ‘Apeldoorn’s Elite’ i ‘Rococo’. Etefon w stężeniu 1000-4000 mg‧dm⁻³, ze względu na uszkadzanie tkanek, nie powinien być stosowany do hamowania wzrostu ciętych tulipanów w wazonie.
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was found to reduce spore germination, hyphal and mycelial growth in Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. The addition of ethephon or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), ethylene precursor, together with MeJA to the culture medium resulted in a promotion of all developmental stages of the fungus; these compounds partially or completely reversed the inhibition due to MeJA depending on the concentrations applied. MeJA alone had no effect on ethylene production by mycelium, but after 6 days of incubation in the presence of ACC, emanation of this gas increased significantly. Ethylene is involved in reversing the inhibition of A. alternata due to MeJA.
The research investigated the seeds of Bardo traditional cultivar, and R-141 self-completing white lupin cultivar. Over 1996-1998, once the seeds reached their physiological maturity, the plants were treated with Harvade 250 SC (dimetiphine), Ethrel (etephon), plant growth regulators and Reglone (diquat), a desiccant. Seeds harvested from plants whose sowing material was vernalised and two-stage harvest seeds constituted objects 4 and 5. The seeds collected each year were divided into two categories based on a visual healthy and infected selection. The share of the latter group in the seed yield of both two-stage harvested cultivars was highest, while having applied Ethrel (Bardo) and Harvade (R-141) as well as following seed vernalisation (both cultivars), the share turned out lower. R-141 self-completing yield included significantly fewer seeds with fungal infection symptoms than the Bardo traditional cultivar.
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