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Biomass in Poland has the greatest technical potential of all domestic sources of renewable energy. Solid biomass from forestry, agriculture (energy crops and vegetable waste), food processing and biogas summary potential is estimate at 610 PJyear-1. Biomass in Poland has the best chance of development. The use of biomass as a fuel, especially in large combustion plants with a capacity of 50 MW, allows you to limit (in Poland, about 90 objects) of CO2 emissions in the national balance sheet. This is an important element of the CO2 reduction potential, while maintaining the desired level of electricity production.
Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established a transect from northwest (Tariat, Mongolia) to southeast (Xilingol, Inner Mongolia of China) across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected eight sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the 137Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. In the Mongolia section (from Tariat to Sainshand), the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc. While in the China section (Inner Mongolia), the wind erosion rates of Xilinhot, Zhengxiangbai Banner and Taipusi Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these four sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these regions of Inner Mongolia.
The article presents the author’s universal method in the form of a Self-Evaluation Questionnaire of the Enterprise, which makes possible an evaluation of functioning of quality control systems as well as the effectiveness of management processes and areas requiring improvement in a dairy enterprise as well as an analysis of its strong sides. The conducted audit shows the full possibility for implementing the method in national dairying.
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Judgement of direct sales in the agriculture

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Since the concentration in the sector of agricultural products processing and sales is high, there is an increased pressure on the agriculture sector resulting that farmers have to find new income sources. Amongst others, direct sales is regarded as an activity that is possible to run in parallel with farming and means an extra source of income for producers at the same time. Farms that deal with direct sales possess special production and work organization characteristics in their agricultural business. Their choice of sales channel is influenced by diverse factors and each producer is driven by different motivators in choosing their sales method. However, farms with direct sales show similarities in terms of production and work organization as well as in their approach to the state of the industry and direct sales.
Significant spatial variability of the accumulation of pollutants in soils can make problems in the determination of the borders defining a zone where pollution, according to the applied legal requirements, is excessive. Particular difficulty is caused by a short-distance variability, disturbing the regularity in a spatial distribution of pollution around the source of emission. The paper presents an alternative, compared to traditional interpolation methods, algorithms based on the optimization and the application non-linear neural networks called mixture density network MDN and feature space mapping network FSM.The benefit from the application of this approach is more information referring to the distribution of pollution. This approach allows the estimation of the local variance of the accumulation of pollutants and approximate local distribution. This allows greater extent of taking into account the uncertainty connected with the spatial variability of soil pollution.
Herbs and spices are commonly used in cuisine all over the world. They may contain many various substances beneficial for health, but also harmful (e.g. metallic) elements. Spices and herbal plants contain metal ions over a wide range of concentrations. Metals can have important positive or negative roles in human life. The aim of this study was to estimate the trace metals content in select popular Polish herbs and spices available on the Polish market. Thirty samples of various herbs and spices (fennel, sage, oak bark, St. John's wort, linden inflorescence, mint, black pepper, garlic, marjoram, paprika, cinnamon, basil, oregano, herbs de Provence, and parsley) were analyzed. The contents of Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, and Mn were determined using AAS method after sample mineralization with 65% nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide. Metals contents were compared in spices from different manufacturers. The chemometric techniques were used to evaluate similarity with respect to herb and spice metal contents.
Heritability and genetic correlations of monthly egg production under random regression models were estimated. Three layer lines (A22, A88, K66) in six consecutive generations were analysed. A22 (13,770 recorded hens) and A88 (13,950 recorded hens) are maternal lines of Rhode Island White birds selected on egg production and shell colour; K66 (9,351 recorded birds) is a paternal line of Rhode Island Red birds selected on egg weight. Eight models with different orders of Legendre polynomials were applied. Adequacy of the models was checked by the Akaike Information Criterion. According to the most adequate model including second order Legendre polynomials for fixed effects and third order for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, relatively high heritabilities were estimated in the first (h²=0.3) and final (h² above 0.3) periods of production with a substantial decrease in heritability during the egg production peak. Methodology based on random regression animal models can be recommended for genetic evaluation of laying hens.
Taking into account the progressive degradation of soils it is important to assess their quality. Soil quality depends on a large number of physical, chemical, biological and biochemical properties. In the publications available, there are presented three approaches regarding the use of soil properties to estimate soil quality: (1) the use of individual properties, (2) the use of simple indexes and (3) the use of complex indexes derived from combinations of different properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility to use enzymes as indicators of forest soil quality. Experimental plots (43) were located in central Poland. The study was carried out in a number of diverse fresh forest sites. To assess the quality of forest soils dehydrogenase and urease activity and the degree of base saturation were used. One of the final conclusions point out that enzymatic activity indicates current site condition as well as the changes that occur in soil better than soil physical and chemical properties. In other words, in comparison to soil enzymatic activity, soil physico-chemical properties constitute a less sensitive indicator of soil changes.
Lag time of runoff – Lag is one of the characteristic values in rainfall-runoff modeling and lag time of sediment yield – LagS is an important characteristic in the procedure of predicting the suspended sediment rate (sedimentgraph). The relationship between the lag times (LagS/Lag) is used for estimating sediment routing coefficient – B, which is a key parameter of the instantaneous unit sedimentgraph (IUSG). The IUSG formula is needed to transform the sediment produced during rainfall into sedimentgraph. The relationship LagS/Lag was examined for a three small basins (two of which are located in Poland, and one in Germany). The ratio LagS/Lag, estimated for events from the investigated basins, has been in the range from 0.49 to 1.11. A statistical significant correlation has been found between the value of LagS/Lag and rainfall depth in one of the basins.
Effective population control of Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) requires reliable information about population dynamics. Fertility rate is the fundamental component of reproduction to evaluate population dynamics. However, little is known regarding the fertility rate of Japanese wild boar. The traditional hunting practices make it difficult to obtain pregnant females and calculate the fertility rate by checking fetuses as is performed in other countries. Therefore, we focused on the corpora albicans (CA) as the CA remains in the ovaries of postpartum females after pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of CA and estimate the fertility rate of Japanese wild boars using CA. Histological analysis of ovaries enabled us to discriminate type 1 CA, which remains for 1 year after breeding. Type 1 CA is a superior indicator compared with lactation in the non-pregnancy season because it allows verification of postpartum females over a long period. The fertility rate was calculated by the combination of pregnant and postpartum females using fetuses and type 1 CA from April to November. The fertility rate of the females captured after the second pregnancy season was 90.3 % during the pregnancy period and 100 % during the non-pregnancy period. The high fertility rate of adult females suggests that intensive adult female harvesting is needed. Our new method to determine fertility rates contributes to developing a monitoring system to adequately control Japanese wild boar population.
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