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Tick-borne dog infectious diseases constitute an emerging problem in veterinary medicine in recent years. The diseases recognized as characteristic for tropical and semi-tropical regions are diagnosed in dogs in countries with temperate climate including Poland. The major reason for such phenomenon is that Polish tourists increasingly travel with their dogs into subtropical and tropical areas of the world. Coming back to Poland, dogs often bring in non-native species of ticks as well as pathogens transmitted by them. Tick-borne diseases can result from infection with bacteria, viruses and parasitic protozoa. In this review we present most important tick-transmitted diseases which may occur in dogs in Poland.
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Erlichioza u psow

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Ehrlichias occur in ticks in the cells of their haemolymph-hematocytes. They enter the vertebrate host organism with the saliva of the tick, during a blood meal. Humans can also be the hosts for this pathogen. Two pathogens cause a humane disease-monocytic ehrlichiasis (E. chaffensis) or granulocytic ehrlichiasis (HGE factor). The above disease units are difficult to diagnose because of their non-specific symptoms. A preliminary study has been conducted on the prevalence of the HGE factor in the ticks, Ixodes ricinus in the recreational areas of the West-Pomeranian Province. All forms of I. ricinus were collected from 3 sites. All the sites are known to be frequented by hikers and gatherers of forest mushrooms and berries. The site selection involved also careful consideration of the tree- and underbrush type. The ticks were collected twice a year in spring (May/June) and in autumn (August\September), which was associated with the biological activity of the collected acarines. A total of 1159 Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected, in this number 172 females, 167 males, 597 nymphs, and 223 larvae. Using the PCR technique, the 16SrRNA-gene fragment was amplified using primers specific for the HGE factor: EHR 790 and EHR 521. The studied population contained 3.7% infected females in spring and 2.7% in autumn, 0.68% infected males in spring, no infected in autumn. The nymphs were infected in spring (2.17%) and in autumn too (0.73%), but the larvae were not infected in both seasons. Analysing the above-mentioned results it can be concluded that the decisive majority of the individuals transmitting the HGE factor are the adult forms.The present study was only a preliminary one. In the future much more sites will be monitored, in the recreational areas of both the city of Szczecin and the entire province.
In April 2008 a two-year-old dog of the Leonberger race with symptoms of apathy, loss of appetite and with the temperature 40.1°C was brought to the Veterinary Polyclinic of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn The hematological examinations showed a slight thrombocytopenia, and a routinely performed blood smear for the presence of Babesia canis gave a negative result. Despite administering antipyretic and antibiotic, the condition of the patient deteriorated in the following twenty-four hours. The repeated blood tests showed deepening thrombocytopenia, worsening red blood cell indicators and an increase in the activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as the level of urea and creatinin. The repeated blood smear for B. canis gave a positive result at that time. Treatment for babesiosis was applied including the administration of imidocarb, intravenous infusions and diuresis-supporting medicines. In the following days the condition of the dog relapsed in spite of the treatment. Additional symptoms appeared, such as difficult breathing, serous nostril and conjunctival outflow, loss of body weight, pallor of mucous membranes, vomiting, reluctance to move and a deteriorating dyspnea. Blood examinations showed growing leukocytosis and granulocytosis as well as RBC, HGB, HCT and PLT levels remaining considerably below physiological norms. In the blood smear, performed again, the presence of blue-staining inclusion bodies, which were identified as the morula of Ehrlichia canis, was observed in single monocytes. The diagnosis was confirmed with the immunochromatographic test. As a treatment, oxytetracycline was applied intravenously for 7 days, followed by doxycycline administered orally for 5 weeks. The patient’s condition required also the application of full tinned blood, as well as the usage of intravenous infusions and diuretic for several days. During five days from the beginning of the therapy with tetracyclines the clinical condition of the dog and the blood examination results were strongly improved and returned to the physiological norm during two weeks following the end of the antibiotic therapy.
The aim of this paper was the detection of the specific antibodies anti-Borrelia and anti-Ehrlichia in the sera of 28 sick pigs and 29 sick cows from the area of the Lublin voivodeship. ELISA tests, and Western blot were conducted. In ELISA tests, 17.86% sera of swine were positive for spirochetes and 7.14% for Ehrlichia. In a bovine group 44.83% of sera specimens were positive for Borrelia, and 20.69% for Ehrlicha. All sera that were positive in ELISA tests for spirochetes were examined additionally in Western blot method for the presence of antibodies against Borrelia afzelii (13 bovine sera, and 5 swine sera). In 8 out of 13 bovine sera (61.54%) and in one out of 5 (20%) swine sera that were positive in the ELISA test, specific antibodies against Borrelia were detected. In all cases IgG immunoglobins reacted strongly with the antigens: 31, 39, 41, 66 kDa of B. afzelii. The results revealed a low specificity of the ELISA test for the detection of borreliosis and confirmed an endemic occurrence of Borrelia and Ehrlicha in the area of the Lublin voivodeship
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