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Wplyw zmian klimatycznych na choroby zakazne

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Impacts of climate change on infectious diseases. Climate warming may have significant impacts on human health, including changes in the distribution and seasonality of vector-borne diseases. We discuss the consequences of climate change on infectious diseases. Effects of transmission of the imported tropical diseases in Europe are discussed.
The aim of the study was to determine the etiological factors of an outbreak of cattle illness with symptoms nervous disorders. The disease appeared simultaneously in adult animals on three dairy farms between August and October. The majority of sick animals was after parturition and had high milk production. The diagnosis gene was found through clinical anatomopathology, histopathology and bacteriological examinations of the animals, as well as molecular, serological, virusological and chemical tests. L. monocytogenes was isolated from the brain tissue of the dead animals. Restriction analysis (PCR-RFLP) of the DNA fragment of the hly A gene from L. monocytogenes facilitated differentiation between the virulent and control strains. It was found that the copper and selenium levels in the cows' serum were reduced significantly. Additional examinations indicated the low content of these minerals in the forage.
Probiotic products are representatives of functional food, which constitutes a dynamically growing segment of the food market. Functional food is defined as all the products that demonstrate beneficial effects on human health surpassing that resulting only from the presence of nutrients traditionally recognized as essential. Probiotics are selected microorganisms that are also called bioactive compounds of food products. Up until the present, the major branch of the food industry in which probiotics have been applied is the milk industry. The most typical active components of probiotic products are lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus species, and bifidobacteria. Health claims of probiotics are numerous, but include maintenance of healthy intestinal flora (e.g. as a result of their competition for the nutrients and/or the production of antimicrobials inhibiting the growth of undesirable microflora and pathogens) and the stimulation of the immune system. Research and industry experiments on the application of probiotic bacteria in meat processing have proved that raw fermented sausages are the most suitable environment for their growth. In the meat industry, like in other food industry branches, a key criteria for the selection of appropriate probiotics strains are as follows: their safety (non-pathogenicity), growth properties during processing or resistance to changing parameters of technological processes as well as characteristics that enable the attainment of the expected quality, including the desired sensory attributes of final products. The article presents the most important properties and criteria of the selection of suitable probiotic bacteria for food and problems concerning the application of probiotics in meat processing.
Campylobacter sp. may colonize the intestinal tract of most mammal and bird species. The resultant infections are symptomless or can cause diarrhea. When they concern humans, they are a serious epidemiological problem. In developed countries campylobacteriosis is now one of the most frequent reasons for food-borne diseases and is usually associated with gastroenteritis. In rare cases the infection may lead to complications like septicemia or Gullain-Barre syndrome. Campylobacteriosis is a zoonozis, therefore animal food products are the main source of the infection of Campylobacter for humans. As a zoonozis, in Poland all cases of campylobacteriosis in animals must be registered.
In June 1998, 12 gilts were purchased at a new, small (annual production 250 piglets) farm. The animals were free from PRRSV antibodies. After one month of quarantine the gilts were placed in two separate pens - A and B. The first female was bred in mid-August and the last one at the beginning of October. In order to ensure the empty rooms at the nursery house were occupied, in mid-November the farmer purchased 120,8- -week old weaners from an epidemilogically unrecognised herd. Unfortunately, the weaners were immediately introduced onto the farm. One-week later antibodies to PRRSV were accidentally detected in this group of pigs. Because the pig holding was under the control of the Institute, there was an opportunity to monitor the eventual spreading of PRRSV from weaners to gilts. In order to do this, blood samples were taken from all gilts 2,4,6 and 10 weeks after the weaners had been introduced onto the farm. Four weeks after purchasing the weaners, antibodies were detected in 3 out of 6 gilts from pen A and 2 weeks later PRRSV antibodies were found in a further 2 females. The last gilt from this pen was sero-converted 10 weeks after the weaners had been introduced. In pen B, PRRSV sero-conversion was detected in the first 2 gilts 6 weeks after the weaners introduction, and 2 other gilts were sero-converted 4 weeks later. One gilt from this pen did not have antibodies at the end of the observation period. The consequences of PRRSV spreading among pregnant gilts were observed during the furrowing period. Ten out of twelve females delivered dead or mummified piglets. Three litters were normal and in these cases the gilts had been infected during the 8-9 weeks of pregnancy. The economical consequences of introducing weaners infected with PRRSV into the newly established herd were very serious: the average number of piglets born alive per gilt was 6.8. The average number of piglets weaned was 6.2 and fatteners sold per sow were 5.7.
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