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Sustainable energy development implies an effective use of economic, human, technological, renewable and non-renewable natural resources. The gradual process of natural environment degradation and the inevitable exhaustion of natural fossil fuel deposits force the search for alternatives. A comparison of alternative opportunities to generate energy allows to identify their advantages and drawbacks. The article attempts a systematic review of factors ‘in favour of’ and ‘against’ the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. The study applies descriptive methods, including comparisons. CSO and ERO were the sources of data for 1988- 2018. According to sustainable development principles, investments in RE need to be widely promoted and supported by the state, especially in rural areas. The attempt to systematise factors contributing to the use of renewable energy resulted in the identification of: the importance of economic circumstances and the traditional approach to the energy sector; the need to protect the natural environment by the reduction of pollution and mitigation of the greenhouse effect; the need for continuing the education of society on the implementation and fast development of technology and the desire to enhance self-reliance and independence in energy supply with a special consideration of rural areas.
A review concerning pervaporation and vapor permeation - membrane separation techniques used to separate liquid mixtures, is presented. Examples of polymers for membrane preparation as well as performance parameters of pervaporation and vapor permeation membranes are described. The second part of the paper presents applications of pervaporation and vapor permeation in environmental protection. At the present, liquid product mixtures must fulfill high purity requirements as well as effluents; therefore, they have to be concentrated or reconditioned. In the process of product-integrated environmental protection, liquid substances should be separated specifically from the mainstream, either to save raw materials, to prevent or to minimize the disposal of effluents, or to recycle by-products. Such completely or partly soluble fluid mixtures can be separated with membrane methods. Pervaporation and vapor permeation as the most well-known membrane processes for the separation of liquid and vapor mixtures allow a variety of possible application areas: i) dewatering of organic fluids like alcohols, ketones, ethers etc.; ii) separation of mixtures from narrow boiling temperatures to constant (azeotrop) boiling temperatures; iii) removal of organic pollutants from water and air streams; iv) separation of fermentation products; v) separation of organic-organic liquid mixtures.
The aim of this review is to introduce some principle areas of biosensor research and illustrate current technology with selected examples, including physico-chemical transducers and biological materials used for analytical active layers.
The environmental status of any area is determined by the environment protection value (EPV) of its soils - their properties and functioning. In this work the biological, physical, pedo-climatic and subsoil aspects of the EPV of Estonian post-lithogenic or normally developed mineral soils (72% from total area) have been analysed. The analysis embraces 25 soil groups, the properties of which are presented according to land use (forest, arable and grassland soils) and by different soil layers (humus cover, soil cover and the metric soil layer) on soil matrix tables. On the basis of the results, which were received in the course of the assessment of separate EPV aspects, the EPV class, as an integrated index for soil type, was determined. The soils studied were divided into five classes, according to (I) good, (II) relatively good, (III) satisfactory, (IV) relatively poor and (V) poor EPV.
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The role of environmental protection in education

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In this report we point out the requirement of local communities for environmental education of society that results from accession of Poland to the project titled „Decade for Sustainable Development 2005-2014”. The paper includes results of the surveys carried out among students, teachers and officers of communes that reveal the role of environmental education in schools, communes and universities. The results demonstrate that environmental education should become connected with actions in aid of both natural and social local environments.
This article analyzes the investment in environmental protection in Poland in the years 2000-2009. Up to the mentioned period of time we analyzed changes in the structure of the financing of investment in environmental protection according to the sources of investment. For the year 2009 we presented the structure of investment expenditures by province and pointed out the basic directions of investment in environmental protection. The source of information on investment for the environmental protection has been created in the Central Statistical Office. Interpretation of data leads to the conclusion that spending on environmental protection are growing steadily.
The paper presents basic information on the preparation of environmental samples for trace analysis. Sample preparation is of utmost importance for the quality of analytical results and their usefulness for decision making in the area of environmental protection and management. The type and number of operations required for a given procedure is determined by the available information about the sample and the goal of the analytical determination (speciation analysis, determination of total parameters or elemental composition, etc.)
The main aim of this study was to determine the relationship between environmental consciousness and socio-economic characteristics of rural inhabitants and to reflect on the ideas of rural people about the solution of environmental problems. Paying attention to not destroying the environment while using agrochemicals, and attending environmental works were taken as possible indicators of environmental attitudes and behavior among rural dwellers. Data were obtained from 159 rural dwellers living in 11 villages of Afyonkarahisar and 14 villages of Eskisehir provinces of Turkey via survey. Chi-square test (χ2) was used while analyzing the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of rural people and environmental consciousness. No statistically significant relationship was found between determining the amount and type of fertilizer and education, or between determining the amount and type of agro-chemicals and education, or between determining the amount and type of fertilizer and age. Only when determining the amount of fertilizer was age a statistically significant factor.
The relationship between the programming of environmental protection and the programming of balanced development on the level of local community has been shown in the paper. In the development of both programmes two planning formulas, recommended by UNEP, may be applied, namely - masterplan and development scenarios. Out of the analysis of some selected districts development programmes numerous conclusions, presented in the article, may be drawn. The most important one state that the programming of environmental protection should not be treated separately, but as a component of balanced development programme.
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